ÍÅËÈ×ÍÛÅ ÔÎÐÌÛ ÃËÀÃÎËÀ
Èíôèíèòèâ
â íåîïðåäåë¸ííîé è ïåðôåêòíîé ôîðìå
Ôîðìû
Èíôèíèòèâà: ïðîäîëæåííàÿ è ïåðôåêòíàÿ ïðîäîëæåííàÿ
Ôóíêöèè
Èíôèíèòèâà â ïðåäëîæåíèè
Ôóíêöèè Ãåðóíäèÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèè
Ôóíêöèè
Ïðè÷àñòèÿ I â
ïðåäëîæåíèè.
Participle II èìååò òîëüêî îäíó ôîðìó
Ôóíêöèè
Participle II â
ïðåäëîæåíèè
òàêæå
íàçûâàåìûé íåîïðåäåë¸ííîé ôîðìîé ãëàãîëà, ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåëè÷íîé ôîðìîé ãëàãîëà,
êîòîðàÿ íàçûâàåò äåéñòâèå, áåç óêàçàíèÿ ãðàììàòè÷åñêèõ êàòåãîðèé ëèöà èëè ÷èñëà.
to read
÷èòàòü,
ïðî÷åñòü
to
write ïèñàòü,
íàïèñàòü;
to buy ïîêóïàòü,
êóïèòü;
to sell ïðîäàâàòü, ïðîäàòü.
Ôîðìàëüíûì
îòëè÷èòåëüíûì ïðèçíàêîì Èíôèíèòèâà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷àñòèöà to, êîòîðàÿ íå èìååò ñîáñòâåííîãî
çíà÷åíèÿ è íèêîãäà íå áûâàåò óäàðíîé â ðå÷è. ×àñòèöà to, îäíàêî, ÷àñòî îïóñêàåòñÿ ïåðåä Èíôèíèòèâîì.
Èíôèíèòèâ ïðîèçîøåë îò îòãëàãîëüíîãî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî è
ñîõðàíèë ñâîéñòâà ýòîé ÷àñòè ðå÷è, âûïîëíÿÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèè, êàê è èíôèíèòèâ â
ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, ñèíòàêñè÷åñêèå ôóíêöèè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî.  ýòîì îòíîøåíèè
ôóíêöèè èíôèíèòèâà âî ìíîãîì ñõîäíû ñ ôóíêöèÿìè Ãåðóíäèÿ (ïîäðîáíåå î Ãåðóíäèè
äàëåå).
Ãëàãîëüíûå
ñâîéñòâà Èíôèíèòèâà ïðîÿâëÿþòñÿ â ñëåäóþùèõ ñèòóàöèÿõ:
1. Èíôèíèòèâ ìîæåò èìåòü ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå:
I told him to post the letter. ß âåëåë åìó îòïðàâèòü
ïèñüìî.
2 Èíôèíèòèâ ìîæåò îïðåäåëÿòüñÿ íàðå÷èåì:
I asked him to speak slowly. ß ïîïðîñèë
åãî ãîâîðèòü ìåäëåííî.
3. Èíôèíèòèâ èìååò ãðàììàòè÷åñêèå
êàòåãîðèè âðåìåíè è çàëîãà.
Àíãëèéñêèå
ãëàãîëû èìåþò ÷åòûðå ôîðìû Èíôèíèòèâà: äâå ôîðìû â äåéñòâèòåëüíîì çàëîãå è äâå ôîðìû
â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå:
|
Äåéñòâèòåëüíûé |
Ñòðàäàòåëüíûé |
Íåîïðåäåë¸ííûé Ïðîäîëæåííûé Ïåðôåêòíûé Ïåðôåêòíûé Ïðîäîëæåííûé |
to ask to be asking to have asked to have
been asking |
to be asked __________ to have been asked __________ ------ |
Ïðèìå÷àíèå: Íåïåðåõîäíûå ãëàãîëû, êîòîðûå íå èìåþò ôîðì
ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà, èìåþò ôîðìû èíôèíèòèâà òîëüêî â äåéñòâèòåëüíîì çàëîãå.
Òîëüêî
äâå ôîðìû Èíôèíèòèâà: íåîïðåäåë¸ííûé Èíôèíèòèâ äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî çàëîãà è íåîïðåäåë¸ííûé
Èíôèíèòèâ ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãî èìåþò ñâîè ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå:
to ask ñïðàøèâàòü,
to be asked áûòü ñïðîøåííûì (ñïðàøèâàåìûì).
Äðóãèå äâå
ôîðìû íå èìåþò ïðÿìûõ ýêâèâàëåíòîâ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå è íå ìîãóò áûòü ïåðåâåäåíû
âíå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ:
Ïðîäîëæåííûé
Èíôèíèòèâ — to be asking — óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ
ñî çíà÷åíèåì ñïðàøèâàòü
â êàêîé-íèáóäü îïðåäåëåííûé ìîìåíò.
Ïåðôåêòíûé
Èíôèíèòèâ — to have asked — ñïðàøèâàòü, ñïðîñèòü äî êàêîãî- íèáóäü ìîìåíòà,
Ïåðôåêòíûé
ïðîäîëæåííûé Èíôèíèòèâ — to
have been asking— ñïðàøèâàòü
â òå÷åíèå îòðåçêà âðåìåíè, ïðåäøåñòâóþùåãî êàêîìó- íèáóäü ìîìåíòó
Ïåðôåêòíûé
Èíôèíèòèâ ñòðàäàòåëüíûé — to
have been asked — áûòü
ñïðîøåííûì (ñïðàøèâàåìûì) äî êàêîãî-íèáóäü ìîìåíòà.
1. Íåîïðåäåë¸ííûé
Èíôèíèòèâ äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî çàëîãà — to
ask — åäèíñòâåííàÿ ïðîñòàÿ ôîðìà
Èíôèíèòèâà. Ýòî ôîðìà, êîòîðàÿ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â ñëîâàðÿõ (áåç ÷àñòèöû to) äëÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ âñåõ
ãëàãîëîâ. Âñå ïðî÷èå ôîðìû Èíôèíèòèâà - ñîñòàâíûå ôîðìû.
2. Ïðîäîëæåííûé
Èíôèíèòèâ äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî çàëîãà îáðàçóåòñÿ ïóò¸ì ñîåäèíåíèÿ âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî
ãëàãîëà to be è Ïðè÷àñòèÿ íàñòîÿùåãî
âðåìåíè (Participle I) ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà:
to be asking ñïðàøèâàÿ
3. Ïåðôåêòíûé
Èíôèíèòèâ äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî çàëîãà îáðàçóåòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to have è ïðè÷àñòèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè (Participle II) ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà:
to have asked ñïðîñèâ
4. Ïåðôåêòíûé
ïðîäîëæåííûé Èíôèíèòèâ äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî çàëîãà îáðàçóåòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ ïåðôåêòíîãî èíôèíèòèâà
âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to
be è ïðè÷àñòèÿ
íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà:
to have been asking ñïðàøèâàÿ
5. Íåîïðåäåë¸ííûé
Èíôèíèòèâ ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà îáðàçóåòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be è ïðè÷àñòèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî
âðåìåíè ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà:
to be asked áûòü
ñïðîøåâàåìûì
6. Ïåðôåêòíûé
Èíôèíèòèâ ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà îáðàçóåòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ ïåðôåêòíîãî èíôèíèòèâà âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî
ãëàãîëà to be — to
have been — è ïðè÷àñòèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè ñìûñëîâîãî
ãëàãîëà:
to have been asked áûòü ñïðîøåííûì
7. Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ
÷àñòèöà not ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä
Èíôèíèòèâîì:
not to ask íå ñïðàøèâàÿ
not to be asked íå áûòü
ñïðîøåííûì
Èíôèíèòèâ
ìîæåò âûðàæàòü äåéñòâèå, íå îòíîñÿùååñÿ ê êàêîìó ëèáî êîíêðåòíîìó ëèöó èëè ïðåäìåòó:
Òî drive a car in a big city is very difficult. Óïðàâëÿòü
àâòîìàøèíîé â áîëüøîì ãîðîäå î÷åíü
òðóäíî.
Â
áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ, îäíàêî, äåéñòâèå âûðàæåííîå Èíôèíèòèâîì îòíîñèòñÿ ê ëèöó èëè
ïðåäìåòó:
I intended to go there. ß íàìåðåâàëñÿ ïîéòè òóäà.
(Äåéñòâèå,
âûðàæåííîå èíôèíèòèâîì to go, îòíîñèòñÿ ê ïîäëåæàùåìó I.)
Ask him to come early. Ïîïðîñèòå
åãî ïðèäòè ðàíî.
(Äåéñòâèå,
âûðàæåííîå èíôèíèòèâîì to come, îòíîñèòñÿ ê äîïîëíåíèþ him.)
Êîãäà äåéñòâèå,
âûðàæåííîå Èíôèíèòèâîì, ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ ëèöîì èëè ïðåäìåòîì, ê êîòîðîìó îí îòíîñèòñÿ,
èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äåéñòâèòåëüíûé çàëîã Èíôèíèòèâà:
Íå has a great desire to invite you to the party. Îí î÷åíü õî÷åò ïðèãëàñèòü âàñ íà âå÷åð.
I want to infrom him of her arrival. ß õî÷ó
èíôîðìèðîâàòü åãî î åå ïðèåçäå.
Êîãäà äåéñòâèå,
âûðàæåííîå Èíôèíèòèâîì, ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ â îòíîøåíèè ëèöà èëè ïðåäìåòà, ê êîòîðîìó
îí îòíîñèòñÿ, èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ñòðàäàòåëüíûé Èíôèíèòèâ:
Íå has a great desire to be invited to the party. Îí î÷åíü õî÷åò, ÷òîáû åãî ïðèãëàñèëè íà âå÷åð
(áûòü ïðèãëàøåííûì íà âå÷åð).
I want to be informed of her arrival. ß õî÷ó,
÷òîáû ìåíÿ èíôîðìèðîâàëè î åå
ïðèåçäå (áûòü
èíôîðìèðîâàííûì î åå ïðèåçäå).
Ïðèìå÷àíèå:  ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñòðàäàòåëüíûé Èíôèíèòèâ -
"áûòü ïðèãëàøåííûì, áûòü èíôîðìèðîâàííûì", è ò.ä. îáû÷íî çàìåíÿåòñÿ ïðèäàòî÷íûì
ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñ ñîþçîì ÷òîáû.
Íåîïðåäåë¸ííûé
Èíôèíèòèâ, è äåéñòâèòåëüíûé è ñòðàäàòåëüíûé èñïîëüçóåòñÿ, êîãäà äåéñòâèå,
êîòîðîå îí âûðàæåò:
1. îäíîâðåìåííî
ñ äåéñòâèåì, âûðàæåííûì ëè÷íîé ôîðìîé ãëàãîëà:
I am glad to see you. ß ðàä âàñ âèäåòü.
I saw him enter the house. ß âèäåë, êàê îí âîøåë â äîì.
2. îòíîñèòñÿ
ê áóäóùåìó.  òàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ Èíôèíèòèâ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ïîñëå ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ
may,
must,
should,
ought
è ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ
to expect îæèäàòü,
to intend íàìåðåâàòüñÿ,
to hope íàäåÿòüñÿ,
to want õîòåòü
è íåêîòîðûõ äðóãèõ:
Íå may come to-morrow. Îí, ìîæåò
áûòü, ïðèäåò çàâòðà.
I hope to see him at the concert. ß íàäåþñü óâèäåòü åãî íà êîíöåðòå.
I intend to go there on Sunday. ß íàìåðåí
ïîéòè òóäà â âîñêðåñåíüå.
3. Êîãäà
íåò óêàçàíèÿ íà êàêîå-òî êîíêðåòíîå âðåìÿ:
Òî skate is pleasant. Êàòàòüñÿ íà êîíüêàõ ïðèÿòíî.
Ïðèìå÷àíèå: ôîðìà íåîïðåäåë¸ííîãî Èíôèíèòèâà äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî
çàëîãà èñïîëüçóåòñÿ, ÷òîáû ñòðîèòü ñëîæíûå âðåìåííûå ôîðìû:
1. Îòðèöàòåëüíóþ
è âîïðîñèòåëüíóþ ôîðìû íàñòîÿùåãî è ïðîøåäøåãî íåîïðåäåë¸ííîãî âðåìåíè.
He does not take English lessons. Îí íå
áåð¸ò óðîêè àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà.
Does he take English lessons? Îí áåð¸ò óðîêè àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà?
2. Áóäóùåãî
íåîïðåäåë¸ííîãî âðåìåíè è áóäóùåãî íåîïðåäåë¸ííîãî â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè
I shall do it. ß ñäåëàþ
ýòî.
I said that I should do it. ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî ñäåëàþ ýòî.
Èíôèíèòèâ
â ñâîåé ïåðôåêòíîé ôîðìå, è ñòðàäàòåëüíîé è äåéñòâèòåëüíîé, èñïîëüçóåòñÿ, ÷òîáû:
1. Îáîçíà÷èòü
äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå ïðåäøåñòâóåò äåéñòâèþ ëè÷íîé ôîðìà ãëàãîëà:
Íå seems to have finished his work. Îí, êàæåòñÿ, çàêîí÷èë ñâîþ paáîòó.
This writer is said to have written à new novel. Ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî ýòîò ïèñàòåëü
íàïèñàë.
2. ïîñëå ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ
must è
may
÷òîáû âûðàæàòü
ïðåäïîëîæåíèå î äåéñòâèè, êîòîðîå óæå èìåëî ìåñòî:
Íå must have forgotten about it. Îí,
äîëæíî áûòü, çàáûë îá ýòîì.
I don't know where he is. He may have gone
to Leningrad. ß íå
çíàþ, ãäå îí. Îí, âîçìîæíî, óåõàë â Ëåíèíãðàä.
Ïîñëå ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ
should,
would,
could,
might,
ought è
was (were),
÷òîáû îáîçíà÷èòü
äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå äîëæíî áûëî èìåòü ìåñòî, íî íå èìåëî ìåñòî:
Íå should (ought to) have gone there. Åìó
ñëåäîâàëî ïîéòè òóäà (îí íå ïîøåë).
You could have helped him. Âû ìîãëè áû ïîìî÷ü åìó (íî íå ïîìîãëè).
He was to have come yesterday. Îí äîëæåí áûë ïðèäòè â÷åðà
(íî íå ïðèøåë).
4. ïîñëå
ôîðìû ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè ãëàãîëîâ
to intend,
to hope,
to expect,
to mean
÷òîáû îáîçíà÷èòü
äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå, âîïðåêè îæèäàíèÿì ãîâîðÿùåãî, íå ïðîèçîøëî:
I intended to have finished my work last night. ß
íàìåðåâàëñÿ çàêîí÷èòü ñâîþ ðàáîòó
â÷åðà âå÷åðîì (íî íå çàêîí÷èë).
I hoped to have met him there. ß íàäåÿëñÿ, ÷òî âñòðå÷ó åãî òàì (íî íå âñòðåòèë).
Ïðîäîëæåííàÿ
ôîðìà Èíôèíèòèâà èñïîëüçóåòñÿ, ÷òîáû âûðàæàòü ïðîäîëæåííîå äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå
îäíîâðåìåííî ñ äåéñòâèåì, âûðàæåííûì ëè÷íîé ôîðìîé ãëàãîëà:
That firm is reported to be conducting
negotiations for the purchase of sugar. Ãîâîðÿò,
÷òî ýòà ôèðìà âåäåò ïåðåãîâîðû î ïîêóïêå ñàõàðà.
The weather seems to be improving. Ïîãîäà, êàæåòñÿ, óëó÷øàåòñÿ.
Ïåðôåêòíûé
ïðîäîëæåííûé Èíôèíèòèâ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ, ÷òîáû âûðàæàòü ïðîäîëæåííîå äåéñòâèå, ïðîèñõîäÿùåå
â îïðåäåë¸ííûé ïåðèîä âðåìåíè, êîòîðûé ïðåäøåñòâóåò äåéñòâèþ, âûðàæåííîìó ëè÷íîé
ôîðìîé ãëàãîëà:
They are said to have been conducting
negotiations for a long time. Ãîâîðÿò,
÷òî îíè âåäóò ïåðåãîâîðû
â òå÷åíèå äîëãîãî âðåìåíè.
He is known to have been working on this
problem for many years. Èçâåñòíî,
÷òî îí ðàáîòàåò íàä ýòîé ïðîáëåìîé â òå÷åíèå
ìíîãèõ ëåò.
Êàê óæå óïîìèíàëîñü,
ïåðåä Èíôèíèòèâîì îáû÷íî ñòîèò ÷àñòèöà to:
to speak ðàçãîâàðèâàòü,
to buy ïîêóïàòü,
to read ÷èòàòü
Êîãäà äâà
«to – Èíôèíèòèâà»
óïîòðåáëåíû â îäíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè è ñîåäèíåíû cîþçîì and, ×àñòèöà to îáû÷íî îïóñêàåòñÿ ïåðåä âòîðûì
Èíôèíèòèâîì.
I intend to call on him and discuss this question. ß íàìåðåí
çàéòè ê íåìó è îá ñóäèòü ýòîò âîïðîñ.
I asked him to telephone to me on Monday or wire. ß ïîïðîñèë åãî ïîçâîíèòü ìíå â ïîíåäåëüíèê ïî òåëåôîíó
èëè òåëåãðàôèðîâàòü.
×àñòèöà to èíîãäà èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â
êîíöå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ áåç ãëàãîëà, åñëè ýòîò ãëàãîë óæå óïîòðåáëÿëñÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèè.
Òàêîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ÷àñòèöû to
èìååò ìåñòî ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ
to want õîòåòü,
to wish æåëàòü,
to mean èìåòü â âèäó,
to try ïûòàòüñÿ, ñòàðàòüñÿ,
to allow ðàçðåøàòü,
to be going ñîáèðàòüñÿ,
ought ñëåäóåò,
to have â çíà÷åíèè äîëæåíñòâîâàòü,
should (would) like õîòåë áû
è ò.ä.:
Íå wants me to go there to-night, but I
don't
want to (ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ: go). Îí õî÷åò, ÷òîáû ÿ ïîøåë
òóäà ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì, íî ÿ íå
õî÷ó.
I was asked to take part in the trip, but I am not
going to (ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ: take part). Ìåíÿ
ïðîñèëè ïðèíÿòü ó÷àñòèå â ïîåçäêå, íî ÿ íå ñîáèðàþñü.
The boy wanted to go for a bathe, but was
not allowed to (ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ: go). Ìàëü÷èê
õîòåë ïîéòè êóïàòüñÿ, íî åìó íå
ïîçâîëèëè.
I didn't want to stay there, but I had to
(ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ: stay). ß íå
õîòåë îñòàâàòüñÿ òàì, íî ìíå ïðèøëîñü.
Èíôèíèòèâ
èñïîëüçóåòñÿ áåç ÷àñòèöû to:
1. ïîñëå ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ
must,
ñàï (could),
may (might) è
need:
You must do it at once. Âû äîëæíû
ýòî ñäåëàòü íåìåäëåííî.
Íå can speak German. Îí óìååò
ãîâîðèòü ïî-íåìåöêè.
May I come in? Ìîæíî ìíå âîéòè?
Need he come here? Íóæíî ëè
åìó ïðèõîäèòü ñþäà?
2. ïîñëå
ãëàãîëîâ
to make çàñòàâëÿòü,
to let ðàçðåøàòü,
è èíîãäà
ïîñëå ãëàãîëà
to help ïîìîãàòü (â îñíîâíîì â àìåðèêàíñêîì âàðèàíòå):
Íå made me read this book Îí çàñòàâèë ìåíÿ ïðî÷èòàòü ýòó
êíèãó.
I let him go there. ß
ðàçðåøèë åìó ïîéòè òóäà.
Help me (to) do it. Ïîìîãèòå ìíå ñäåëàòü ýòî.
3. Â êîíñòðóêöèè
ñëîæíîå äîïîëíåíèå ïîñëå ãëàãîîâ
to see âèäåòü,
to watch íàáëþäàòü,
to hear ñëûøàòü,
to feel ÷óâñòâîâàòü
è íåêîòîðûõ äðóãèõ:
I saw her leave the room. ß âèäåë, êàê îíà âûøëà èç
êîìíàòû.
I heard her sing. ß ñëûøàë,
êàê îíà ïîåò.
I felt him put his hand on my shoulder. ß ïî÷óâñòâîâàë, êàê îí ïîëîæèë
ðóêó íà ìîå ïëå÷î.
Ïðèìå÷àíèå: Êîãäà ãëàãîëû, óïîìÿíóòûå â ïóíêòàõ 2 è 3 âûøå,
èñïîëüçóþòñÿ â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå, Èíôèíèòèâ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ñ ÷àñòèöåé to:
Íå was made to do it. Åãî çàñòàâèëè ýòî ñäåëàòü.
Íå was seen to leave the house. Âèäåëè, êàê îí âûøåë èç
äîìà.
4. ïîñëå âûðàæåíèé
had better ëó÷øå áû,
would rather, would sooner ïðåäïî÷åë áû:
You had better go there at once. Âàì áû ëó÷øå ïîéòè òóäà íåìåäëåííî.
I would rather not tell them about it. ß ïðåäïî÷åë áû íå ãîâîðèòü èì îá ýòîì.
Íå said he would sooner stay at home. Îí
ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí ïðåäïî÷åë áû îñòàòüñÿ äîìà.
- ïîäëåæàùåå:
Òî skate is pleasant. Êàòàòüñÿ íà êîíüêàõ ïðèÿòíî.
Òî walk in the garden was à pleasure. Ãóëÿòü â ñàäó áûëî ïðèÿòíî.
Êîãäà Èíôèíèòèâ
èìååò ïðè ñåáå îïðåäåëåíèÿ, îí îáû÷íî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ïîñëå ñêàçóåìîãî.  äàííîì ñëó÷àå
ìåñòîèìåíèå it çàíèìàåò
ìåñòî ïåðåä cêàçóåìûì:
It was a pleasure to walk in the garden. Áûëî ïðèÿòíî ãóëÿòü â ñàäó.
It was difficult to refuse his re quest Áûëî òðóäíî îòêàçàòü â åãî ïðîñüáå.
- èìåííàÿ ÷àñòü ñîñòàâíîãî èìåííîãî ñêàçóåìîãî:
Our intention is to charter à steamer immediately. Íàøå íàìåðåíèå - çàôðàõòîâàòü ïàðîõîä íåìåäëåííî.
Our plan is to go to the Crimea for the summer. Íàø ïëàí — ïîåõàòü íà ëåòî â Êðûì.
- ÷àñòü ñîñòàâíîãî ãëàãîëüíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî:
1. ñ ìîäàëüíûìè
ãëàãîëàìè:
Íå can speak English. Îí óìååò
ãîâîðèòü ïî - àíãëèéñêè.
It may rain to-night. Âîçìîæíî,
áóäåò äîæäü ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì.
Íå must know her address. Îí,
äîëæíî áûòü, çíàåò åå àäðåñ.
2. Â
ñî÷åòàíèè ñî ìíîãèìè äðóãèìè ãëàãîëàìè, êîòîðûå íå âûðàæàþò ïîëíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ ôðàçû
áåç Èíôèíèòèâà. Ýòè ãëàãîëû ñëåäóþùèå:
to begin íà÷àòü,
to continue ïðîäîëæàòü,
to like ëþáèòü,
to want õîòåòü
intend íàìåðåâàòüñÿ,
to try ñòàðàòüñÿ,
to hope íàäåÿòüñÿ,
to promise îáåùàòü,
to decide ðåøàòü
è ò.ä.:
The buyers want to know our terms of payment. Ïîêóïàòåëè
õîòÿò çíàòü íàøè óñëîâèÿ ïëàòåæà.
We decided to spend the summer in the Crimea. Ìû ðåøèëè
ïðîâåñòè ëåòî â Êðûìó.
I hope to see him soon. ß íàäåþñü
åãî ñêîðî óâèäåòü.
3. Â
ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûìè, ââîäèìûìè ãëàãîëàìè-ñâÿçêàìè:
I am happy to hear it. ß
ñ÷àñòëèâ ñëûøàòü ýòî.
Íå is ready to go there. Îí ãîòîâ ïîéòè òóäà.
Ïðèìå÷àíèå:  êîììåð÷åñêèõ
äîêóìåíòàõ (êîíòðàêòàõ, êîíîñàìåíòàõ) Èíôèíèòèâ ÷àñòî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ íåçàâèñèìî
îò ñêàçóåìîãî è âûðàæàåò îáÿçàòåëüñòâî:
Buyers to pay (=àãå to pay) for the
freight on receipt of the shipping documents. Ïîêóïàòåëè
äîëæíû çàïëàòèòü çà ôðàõò ïî ïîëó÷åíèè ãðóçîâûõ
äîêóìåíòîâ.
The bill of lading to be considered
(= is to be considered) proof of the date
of shipment. Êîíîñàìåíò äîëæåí ñ÷èòàòüñÿ äîêàçàòåëüñòâîì äàòû îòãðóçêè.
- ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå:
I told him to go there. ß âåëåë åìó ïîéòè òóäà.
Íå asked me to wait a little. Îí
ïîïðîñèë ìåíÿ ïîäîæäàòü íåìíîãî.
Ïðèìå÷àíèå: Èíôèíèòèâ
ñ÷èòàåòñÿ ïðÿìûì äîïîëíåíèåì â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå âûïîëíÿåòñÿ
ëèöîì äðóãèì, ÷åì ïîäëåæàùåå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Åñëè, îäíàêî, Èíôèíèòèâ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ,
÷òîáû âûðàæàòü äåéñòâèå, âûïîëíÿåìîå ïîäëåæàùèì ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îí ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ
êàê ÷àñòü ñîñòàâíîãî ãëàãîëüíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî.
- îïðåäåëåíèå:
1.
I have no desire to go there. Ó ìåíÿ íåò æåëàíèÿ ïîéòè òóäà.
We have no intention to order these goods. . Ìû íå íàìåðåíû çàêàçûâàòü ýòè òîâàðû.
There is every reason to suppose that the
cargo will arrive in time. Åñòü âñå îñíîâàíèÿ ïðåäïîëàãàòü,
÷òî ãðóç ïðèáóäåò âîâðåìÿ.
2. Èíôèíèòèâ,
îïðåäåëÿþùèé ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, ÷àñòî ðàâåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ îïðåäåëèòåëüíîìó ïðèäàòî÷íîìó. Ñêàçóåìîå òàêîãî
ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå äîëæíî ïðîèçîéòè â áóäóùåì.
Òàêîé Èíôèíèòèâ âñåãäà ïðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ñ ïîìîùüþ îïðåäåëèòåëüíîãî
ïðèäàòî÷íîãî, ÷ü¸ ñêàçóåìîå âûðàæàåò îáÿçàòåëüñòâî è èíîãäà ýòî ñêàçóåìîå ïðèíèìàåò
áóäóùåå ôîðìó:
The question will be discussed at the
conference shortly to open in
Moscow (= which is shortly to open in
Moscow). Âîïðîñ áóäåò îáñóæäåí íà êîíôåðåíöèè,
êîòîðàÿ äîëæíà âñêîðå îòêðûòüñÿ (âñêîðå
îòêðîåòñÿ) â Ìîñêâå.
The amount to be paid (= which is to be paid)
includes the cost of packing. Ñóììà, êîòîðàÿ äîëæíà áûòü óïëà÷åíà, âêëþ÷àåò ñòîèìîñòü óïàêîâêè.
3. Èíôèíèòèâ
â ôóíêöèè îïðåäåëåíèÿ ÷àñòî èìååò ìåñòî ïîñëå ñëîâ
the first,
the second,
the third,
the last,
è ò.ä.
è îí ÷àñòî
ðàâåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ îïðåäåëåííîìó ïðèäàòî÷íîìó ïðåäëîæåíèþ, ÷åé ãëàãîë ñòîèò â
òîì æå âðåìåíè, ÷òî è ãëàãîë ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Òàêîå ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå,
îäíàêî, ðåäêî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ âìåñòî Èíôèíèòèâà.  òàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ Èíôèíèòèâ ïðåâîäèòñÿ
íà ðóññêèé ëè÷íûì ãëàãîëîì:
Íå is always the first to come to the Institute
(to come=who
comes). Îí âñåãäà ïðèõîäèò â èíñòèòóò ïåðâûì.
Last year he was always the first to come
to the Institute (to come = who came). Â ïðîøëîì
ãîäó îí âñåãäà ïðèõîäèë â èíñòèòóò ïåðâûì.
I am sure he will be the first to come to the
meeting (to come = who will come). ß óâåðåí, ÷òî îí ïðèäåò ïåðâûì íà
ñîáðàíèå.
4. Èíôèíèòèâ
â ôóíêöèè Îïðåäåëåíèÿ òàêæå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ, ÷òîáû îáîçíà÷èòü íàçíà÷åíèå ïðåäìåòà,
êîòîðûé âûðàæàåòñÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì èëè ìåñòîèìåíèåì:
Íå brought me a book to read. Îí ïðèíåñ
ìíå ïî÷èòàòü êíèãó.
She gave him some water to drink. Îíà äàëà
åìó ïîïèòü âîäû.
Give me something to eat. Äàéòå ìíå
÷åãî-íèáóäü ïîåñòü.
Ïðèìå÷àíèå: Ïðè ïåðåâîäå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ ðóññêîãî íà àíãëèéñêèé,
ó÷àùèåñÿ èíîãäà äåëàþò ñëåäóþùèå îøèáêè:
Íå brought me to read a book (âìåñòî: a book to read),
Give me to drink some water (âìåñòî: some water to drink).
Ñëåäóåò ïîä÷åðêíóòü,
÷òî a book è some water - ïðÿìûå äîïîëíåíèÿ ê ãëàãîëàì brought è give è ïîòîìó äîëæíû ðàñïîëàãàòüñÿ
ïîñëå ýòèõ ãëàãîëîâ è çà êîñâåííûìè äîïîëíåíèÿìè, ïðè ýòîì to read è to drink â ðîëè îïðåäåëåíèé ê a book è some water äîëæíû áûòü, êàê ïîäîáàåò
ëþáîìó îïðåäåëåíèþ âûðàæåííîìó Èíôèíèòèâîì, ðàñïîëàãàòüñÿ ïîñëå ýòèõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ.
Îòíîñèòåëüíûå
ìåñòîèìåíèÿ which èëè whom ñòàâÿòñÿ ïåðåä Èíôèíèòèâîì,
îïèñûâàþùèì ïðåäíàçíà÷åíèå ïðåäìåòà, ñ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì ìåñòîèìåíèåì. Òàêèå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ
ïðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé Èíôèíèòèâàìè èëè ïðèäàòî÷íûìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè:
The children have a good garden in which
to play. Ó äåòåé åñòü õîðîøèé ñàä, â êîòîðîì
îíè
ìîãóò èãðàòü.
Give me a knife with which to cut the bread. Äàéòå ìíå
íîæ, ÷òîáû íàðåçàòü õëåá (êîòîðûì ÿ ìîã áû
íàðåçàòü õëåá).
Òàêèå ñî÷åòàíèÿ
èñïîëüçóþòñÿ íå î÷åíü øèðîêî. Îáû÷íî îòíîñèòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå îïóñêàåòñÿ, à ïðåäëîã
ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå Èíôèíèòèâà èëè, åñëè åñòü ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå, ïðåäëîã ñòàâèòñÿ
ïîñëå íåãî:
The children have a good garden to play in. Ó äåòåé
åñòü õîðîøèé ñàä, â êîòîðîì îíè
ìîãóò èãðàòü.
Give me a knife to cut the bread with. Äàéòå ìíå
íîæ, ÷òîáû íàðåçàòü õëåá (êîòîðûì
ÿ ìîã áû íàðåçàòü õëåá).
- îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî:
- öåëè:
I remained there to see what would happen. ß îñòàëñÿ
òàì, ÷òîáû ïîñìîòðåòü, ÷òî ïðîèçîéäåò.
Òî understand the importance of this event
you should know all the facts. ×òîáû ïîíÿòü âàæíîñòü ýòîãî
ñîáûòèÿ, âû äîëæíû çíàòü âñå ôàêòû.
He worked hard not to lag behind the other
students. Îí
óñåðäíî ðàáîòàë, ÷òîáû íå îòñòàâàòü îò äðóãèõ
ñòóäåíòîâ.
Ñîþçû
in order,
so as that,
so as
ìîãóò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ
ïåðåä Èíôèíèòèâàìè, âûðàæàÿ öåëü. Ýòè cîþçû ðåäêî
èñïîëüçóþòñÿ îñîáåííî â ðàçãîâîðíîì àíãëèéñêîì. Â ïåðåâîäå ìû èñïîëüçóåì
ðóññêèå ñîþçû ÷òîáû èëè äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû:
Íå worked hard so as (in order) not to lag
behind the other students. Îí óñåðäíî ðàáîòàë, ÷òîáû íå îò ñòàâàòü îò äðóãèõ ñòóäåíòîâ.
- ñëåäñòâèÿ:
ñî ñëîâàìè
too,
enough:
I don't know him well enough to ask him for help. ß çíàþ
åãî íåäîñòàòî÷íî õîðîøî, ÷òîáû ïðîñèòü
åãî î ïîìîùè.
It is too cold to bathe to-day. Ñåãîäíÿ ñëèøêîì õîëîäíî, ÷òîáû êóïàòüñÿ.
Â
ïåðåâîäå íà ðóññêèé òàêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ ñîþçîì ÷òîáû âñåãäà ñòàâÿòñÿ ïåðåä
Èíôèíèòèâîì. Â àíãëèéñêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ñ Èíôèíèòèâàìè ñëåäñòâèÿ ñîþçû in order è so as íå
èñïîëüçóþòñÿ. Îíè ìîãóò òîëüêî èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ïåðåä Èíôèíèòèâàìè, âûðàæàÿ öåëü.
Ïðèìå÷àíèå: Èíôèíèòèâû, êîòîðûå âûñòóïàþò â êà÷åñòâå
ðàçíûõ ÷ëåíîâ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ñ ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè è íàðå÷èÿìè
whom,
whose,
which,
what,
when,
how,
where èëè ñîþçîì
whether. Ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ñëîâà òàêæå èñïîëüçóþòñÿ
ïåðåä Èíôèíèòèâàìè â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå:
How to do it is the question. Âîïðîñ â òîì, êàê ýòî ñäåëàòü.
The difficulty was now (when, where) to cross
the river. Òðóäíîñòü çàêëþ÷àëàñü â òîì, êàê (êîãäà, ãäå) ïåðåïðàâèòüñÿ ÷åðåç
ðåêó.
I don't know what to answer him. ß íå çíàþ, ÷òî îòâåòèòü åìó.
He did not know whether to go there or not. Îí íå çíàë, èäòè ëè åìó òóäà èëè íåò.
I can tell you how to do it. ß ìîãó âàì ñêàçàòü, êàê ýòî
ñäåëàòü.
I have a good idea (of) how to get this book. Ó ìåíÿ åñòü õîðîøàÿ èäåÿ, êàê äîñòàòü ýòó êíèãó.
- ââîäíûé ÷ëåí ïðåäëîæåíèÿ
Èíôèíèòèâ êàê ââîäíûé
÷ëåí ïðåäëîæåíèÿ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ñ to. Êàê ïðàâèëî, ýòî óñòîÿâøèåñÿ ôðàçû, òàêèå êàê
so to speak, òàê ñêàçàòü
needless to say, íå ãîâîðÿ óæå
to be quite frank,
îòêðîâåííî ãîâîðÿ
to make matters
worse, â äîáàâîê êî âñåìó (ïëîõîìó)
to put it mildly
(crudely), ìÿãêî (ãðóáî) ãîâîðÿ
to say the least, ïî ìåíüøåé ìåðå
to tell the truth ïî ïðàâäå ãîâîðÿ
è íåêîòîðûå äðóãèå.
Èíôèíèòèâíûå ôðàçû êàê ââîäíûå ÷ëåíû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñëóæàò,
÷òîáû ïîêàçàòü îòíîøåíèå ãîâîðÿùåãî ê ñèòóàöèè, îïèñàííîé â ïðåäëîæåíèè èëè ÷òîáû
ïðèâëå÷ü âíèìàíèå ê êàêîìó-òî ôàêòó èëè ñóììèðîâàòü ìûñëü èëè, íå ìåíåå âàæíî, îíè
ìîãóò ñëóæèòü íåêîé îãîâîðêîé ñî ñòîðîíû ãîâîðÿùåãî.
To tell the truth, I'm sick and tired of this
nonsense. Ïî ïðàâäå ãîâîðÿ, ÿ ñûò ïî ãîðëî ýòîé
÷åïóõîé.
To put it mildly, she is just a bit inquisitive. Ìÿãêî
ãîâîðÿ, îíà òîëüêî ñëåãêà ëþáîïûòíà.
To make matters worse, it began to rain  äîâåðøåíèè âñåãî, ïîø¸ë äîæäü è ñêîðî ìû ïðîìîêëè äî
íèòêè.
When they found out I was not
one of them,
so to speak, they politely turned from me and
ignored me. Êîãäà
îíè îáíàðóæèëè, ÷òî ÿ áûë íå òàêîé êàê îíè, òàê ñêàçàòü, îíè âåæëèâî
îòâåðíóëèñü îò ìåíÿ è èãíîðèðîâàëè ìåíÿ.
Ìåñòî ââîäíûõ èíôèíèòèâíûõ êîíñòðóêöèé â ïðåäëîæåíèè íå
ïîñòîÿííî, õîòÿ çà÷àñòóþ ýòè êîíñòðóêöèè ñòàâÿòñÿ â íà÷àëå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Íà ïèñüìå
îíè îòäåëÿþòñÿ çàïÿòûìè.
Ãåðóíäèé
ïðîèñõîäèò îò ñòàðîàíãëèéñêîãî ãëàãîëüíîãî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî è ïðè÷àñòèÿ íàñòîÿùåãî
âðåìåíè; îòñþäà åãî äâîéíàÿ ïðèðîäà è åãî õàðàêòèðèñòèêè êàê ãëàãîëüíûå, òàê è
ïðèñóùèå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì.
Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî ó Ãåðóíäèÿ
ïðîÿâëÿþòñÿ â åãî
ñïîñîáíîñòè ôóíêöèîíèðîâàòü êàê ïîäëåæàùåå, äîïîëíåíèå (ïðÿìîå èëè ïðåäëîæíîå),
ñêàçóåìîå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Èìåííîé õàðàêòåð
Ãåðóíäèÿ ñòàíîâèòñÿ î÷åâèäíûì, êîãäà îí èñïîëüçóåòñÿ êàê îïðåäåëåíèå èëè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî;
â òàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ åìó âñåãäà ïðåäøåñòâóåò ïðåäëîã, êîòîðûé ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôîðìàëüíûì
ïðèçíàêîì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî.
Ãëàãîëüíûå Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè Ãåðóíäèÿ
Ãåðóíäèé èìååò âðåìåííûå ôîðìû —
íåîïðåäåë¸ííóþ è ïåðôåêòíóþ.
doing — having done
publishing — having published
hearing — having heard
Âðåìåíà Ãåðóíäèÿ îáîçíà÷àþò îòíîñèòåëüíóþ îòíåñ¸ííîñòü êî âðåìåíè.
Íåîïðåäåë¸ííûé ãåðóíäèé
ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî âûðàæåííîå èì äåéñòâèå îäíîâðåìåííî
ñ äåéñòâèåì ëè÷íîé ôîðìû ãëàãîëà â ïðåäëîæåíèè.
Excuse me for giving you
so much trouble. Ïðîñòèòå ìåíÿ çà òî, ÷òî ÿ ïðè÷èíÿþ âàì ñòîëüêî
áåñïîêîéñòâà.
He was proud of winning so
often. Îí ãîðäèëñÿ òåì, ÷òî ïîáåæäàåò òàê ÷àñòî.
Îí òàêæå ìîæåò ãîâîðèòü î äåéñòâèè â áóäóùåì ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ
to intend,
to insist,
to object,
to suggest,
à òàêæå ïîñëå Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ
hope,
intention,
plan,
prospect,
suggestion,
è
ò.ä..
Ïåðôåêòíûé Ãåðóíäèé
ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî åãî äåéñòâèå ïðåäøåñòâóåò äåéñòâèþ ëè÷íîé
ôîðìû ãëàãîëà.
Excuse me for having given you
so much trouble. Ïðîñòèòå ìåíÿ çà òî, ÷òî ÿ ïðè÷èíèë âàì ñòîëüêî
áåñïîêîéñòâà.
He was proud of having won the
game. Îí ãîðäèëñÿ òåì, ÷òî
ïîáåäèë â ìàò÷å.
 ñîâðåìåííîì àíãëèéñêîì ïåðôåêòíûé Ãåðóíäèé îáû÷íî íå
óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîñëå:
ñîþçîâ
on (upon),
before,
after
After graduating from
University my brother
started working. Ïîñëå
îêîí÷àíèÿ óíèâåðñèòåòà ìîé áðàò ïîø¸ë ðàáîòàòü.
He produced his papers on being
stopped
by a policeman. Îí
ïðåäúÿâèë ñâîè äîêóìåíòû, êîãäà åãî îñòàíîâèë ïîëèöåéñêèé.
ãëàãîëîâ
to forget,
to remember,
to thank,
to deny,
to excuse,
to regret
She forgot telling him
about it. Îíà çàáûëà, ÷òî ðàññêàçûâàëà åìó îá ýòîì.
Excuse me for entering without knocking. Èçâèíèòå
ìåíÿ, ÷òî ÿ çàø¸ë íå ïîñòó÷àâ.
I don't remember ever seeing
him. ß íå ïîìíþ, ÷òîáû ÿ åãî êîãäà-íèáóäü âñòðå÷àë.
They regret letting you
go there alone. Îíè ñîæàëåþò, ÷òî ïîçâîëîëè âàì õîäèòü òóäà îäíîìó.
Ãåðóíäèé ïåðåõîäíûõ ãëàãîëîâ ìîæåò âûðàæàòü çàëîã.
Ôîðìû Ãåðóíäèÿ
|
Äåéñòâèòåëüíûé |
Ñòðàäàòåëüíûé |
Íåîïðåäåë¸ííûé |
doing |
being done |
Ïåðôåêòíûé |
having done |
having been done |
Ïîñêîëüêó ñòðàäàòåëüíûé çàëîã âîçíèê ïîçäíåå, ìû âñå
åù¸ íàõîäèì â ñîâðåìåííîì àíãëèéñêîì ïðèìåðû, êîãäà äåéñòâèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Ãåðóíäèÿ
ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñòðàäàòåëüíîé ïî çíà÷åíèþ. Òàêèå êîíñòðóêöèè – ïåðåæèòîê âðåìåíè,
êîãäà îäíà è òà æå ôîðìà èñïîëüçîâàëàñü è ñ äåéñòâèòåëüíûì è ñî ñòðàäàòåëüíûì çíà÷åíèÿìè.
Ãåðóíäèé âñåãäà èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â äåéñòâèòåëüíîì çàëîãå (ñî ñòðàäàòåëüíûì çíà÷åíèåì)
ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ
to want,
to require,
to need,
to deserve,
è òàêæå ïîñëå ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî
worth.
The grass needs cutting. Òðàâà
íóæäàåòñÿ â ïîêîñå.
The camera wanted adjusting. Ôîòîàïïàðàòó òðåáîâàëàñü ðåãóëèðîâêà.
The child deserves praising. Ðåá¸íîê çàñëóæèâàåò ïîõâàëû.
The film is worth seeing. Ôèëüì
ñòîèò ïîñìîòðåòü.
- ïîäëåæàùåå:
Dieting is very popular now. Äèåòà
ñåé÷àñ î÷åíü ïîïóëÿðíà.
No progressing is
regressing. Êòî
íå äâèãàåòñÿ âïåð¸ä, òîò îòñòóïàåò íàçàä.
Travelling broadens your mind (if you
have the mind). Ïóòåøåñòèå
ðàñøèðÿåò ãîðèçîíòû âàøåãî óìà (åñëè ó âàñ åñòü óì).
Living there would slowly drive me
crazy. Òàìîøíÿÿ æèçíü ñâåëà áû ìåíÿ ìåäëåííî ñ óìà.
Using a computer all the time can cause
eyestrain. Èñïîëüçîâàíèå
êîìïüþòåðà âñ¸ âðåìÿ ìîæåò âûçâàòü ïåðåíàïðÿæåíèå ãëàç.
Finally meeting you,
getting to know you, being with
you all these months has been
the best thing that's
ever happened to me. Íàêîíåö
âñòðå÷à ñ òîáîé, çíàêîìñòâî ñ òîáîé, íàõîæäåíèå â òâî¸ì îáùåñòâå âñå ýòè ìåñÿöû
ýòî ñàìîå ëó÷øåå, èç âñåãî, ÷òî ñî ìíîé êîãäà-ëèáî ñëó÷àëîñü.
Ïîäëåæàùåå, âûðàæåííîå Ãåðóíäèåì ìîæåò ñëåäîâàòü çà ñêàçóåìûì
â êîíñòðóêöèè
there is no, òàêæå ïîñëå
it's no ...
There is no concealing the
truth. Ïðàâäó
íå ñêðîåøü.
It's no use worrying about
them. Áåñïîëåçíî
âîëíîâàòüñÿ çà íèõ.
As usual, there's no arguing
with you, boss. Êàê
îáû÷íî, ñ íà÷àëüíèêîì íå ïîñïîðèøü.
There is no accounting for
the tastes of the rich. Âêóñû áîãàòûõ íå ïîíÿòü.
- ñêàçóåìîå (÷àñòü ñîñòàâíîãî èìåííîãî
ñêàçóåìîãî).
The biggest problem in life is
choosing. Äåëàòü âûáîð – ñàìîå ñëîæíîå
â æèçíè.
His main occupation is playing
on the computer. Åãî îñíîâíîå çàíÿòèå – èãðà â êîìïüþòåðíûå
èãðû.
Creating is inventing,
experimenting,
growing, taking risks,
breaking rules,
making mistakes, and having fun. Ñîçèäàíèå – ýòî
èçîáðåòàòåëüñòâî, ýêñïåðèìåíòàòîðñòâî, âçðîñëåíèå, ðèñê, èãðà íå ïî ïðàâèëàì,
ñîâåðøåíèå îøèáîê è ïîëó÷åíèå óäîâîëüñòâèÿ.
- ÷àñòü ñîñòàâíîãî âèäîâîãî èëè
ìîäàëüíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî
Ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ îáîçíà÷àþùèõ íà÷àëî, ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü
èëè êîíåö äåéñòâèÿ. Òàêèõ êàê
to begin
to start
to burst out
to go on
to keep (on)
to stop
to finish
to give up
Stop spreading the news! Ïåðåñòàíü
ðàñïîñòðîíÿòü íîâîñòè!
Go on working! Ïðîäîëæàé
ðàáîòàòü!
The child burst
out crying. Ðåá¸íîê
ðàçðûäàëñÿ.
Oh, please, stop
asking me for definitions. I feel
like a walking
dictionary. Îõ,
ïîæàëóéñòà, ïåðåñòàíüòå ñïðàøèâàòü ìåíÿ çíà÷åíèÿ ñëîâ. ß ÷óâñòâóþ ñåáÿ õîäÿ÷èì
ñëîâàð¸ì.
Òàêæå ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ, êîòîðûå èìåþò ìîäàëüíîå
çíà÷åíèå, òàêèå êàê
to intend
to try
to attempt
can't help
I can't help admiring
you! ß íå ìîãó íå âîñõèùàòüñÿ âàìè.
- äîïîëíåíèå:
Ïðåäëîæíîå èëè áåçïðåäëîæíîå
Avoid making rash
promises. Âîçäåðæèñü îò ïîñïåøíûõ îáåùàíèé.
I enjoy socializing
with friends. Ìíå íðàâèòñÿ ïðîâîäèòü âðåìÿ ñ äðóçüÿìè.
We're looking
forward to meeting you. Ìû ñ íåòåðïåíèåì æä¸ì âñòðå÷è ñ âàìè.
Thanks for having
me on such short notice. Ñïàñèáî, ÷òî ïðèíÿëè ìåíÿ ñðàçó.
I am tired of listening
to your "ifs" and "nots". Ìíå íàäîåëî ñëóøàòü òâîè «åñëè áû» äà «êàáû».
Are you fond of watching animals in the wild? Âàì íðàâèòñÿ íàáëþäàòü æèâîòíûõ íà ïðèðîäå?
His friends accused him of being disloyal. Åãî äðóçüÿ îáâèíÿëè åãî â âåðîëîìñòâå.
Òàêæå ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ:
need,
require,
want,
deserve
His suit needed cleaning
and his brown moccasins
needed throwing
away. Åãî êîñòþìó
òðåáîâàëàñü ÷èñòêà, à åãî êîðè÷íåâûå ìîêàñèíû ïðîñèëèñü íà ïîìîéêó.
- îïðåäåëåíèå:
Âñåãäà ñ ïðåäëîãîì, ÷àùå ñ of, ïîñëå íåêîòîðûõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ
Water has a wonderful way of calming. Ó âîäû åñòü
çàìå÷àòåëüíîå ñâîéñòâî óñïîêàèâàòü.
Lately he had
developed a nervous habit of
pushing back his hair
quickly. Â
ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ ó íåãî ïîÿâèëàñü íåðâíàÿ ïðèâû÷êà áûñòðî ñìàõèâàòü âîëîñû
íàçàä.
Who will take
the trouble of telling me what's up? Êòî âîçüì¸ò íà ñåáÿ òðóä ñêàçàòü ìíå â ÷¸ì äåëî.
What's the most
effective method of foreign
language teaching? Êàêîé ìåòîä
ïðåïîäàâàíèÿ èíîñòðàííîãî ÿçûêà íàèáîëåå ýôôåêòèâíûé?
Patience is the
art of hoping. Òåðïåíèå – ýòî èñêóññòâî
íàäåÿòüñÿ.
Art is a way of learning things. Èñêóññòâî – ñïîñîá ïîçíàíèÿ.
- îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî:
Ïîñëå ðàçëè÷íûõ ïðåäëîãîâ
- âðåìåíè
after,
before,
on,
upon,
at,
in,
since
After removing the
checkbook from the drawer,
she wrote out a check. Äîñòàâ ÷åêîâóþ êíèæêó èç ÿùèêà
ñòîëà, îíà âûïèñàëà ÷åê.
Before entering the
house, wipe your feet. Ïåðåä
âõîäîì â äîì, âûòðèòå íîãè.
- ïðè÷èíû
ïîñëå
because of,
owing to,
for fear of,
for
For fear of looking funny
I kept silent. Îïàñàÿñü âûãëÿäåòü ñìåøíûì, ÿ ñîõðàíÿë ìîë÷àíèå.
- ñïîñîáà èëè ñîïóòñòâóþùèõ
óñëîâèé
ïîñëå
by,
without
Why do you speak to people without looking
at them? Ïî÷åìó
òû ðàçãîâàðèâàåøü ñ ëþäüìè íå ãëÿäÿ íà íèõ.
She kept her body in trim by
going to a gym class
daily. Îíà
ñîõðàíÿëà õîðîøóþ ôîðìó ïîñåùàÿ ñïîðçàë åæåäíåâíî.
They left the theatre without waiting for the end
of the show. Îíè
ïîêèíóëè òåàòð íå äîæèäàÿñü îêîí÷àíèÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ.
It was not like my mother to
come without calling
me first. Ïîÿâëåíèå
ó ìåíÿ áåç ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîãî çâîíêà áûëî íå ïîõîæå íà ìîþ ìàòü.
- óñòóïêè
ïîñëå
in spite of
In spite of being busy,
he accepted us. Íå
ñìîòðÿ íà çàíÿòîñòü, îí ïðèíÿë íàñ.
- óñëîâèÿ
ïîñëå
in case
In case of being late,
let us know. Â
ñëó÷àå îïîçäàíèÿ, ñîîáùèòå íàì.
 àíãëèéñêîì åñòü äâà Ïðè÷àñòèÿ: Participle I (ïðè÷àñòèå íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè) è Participle II (ïðè÷àñòèå ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè).
Participle I èìååò âðåìåííûå ôîðìû:
Íåîïðåäåë¸ííûé
(íåïåðôåêòíóþ) — doing, learning, walking, è ò.ä.
Ïåðôåêòíóþ — having done,
having learned, having walked, è ò.ä.
Âðåìåíûå ôîðìû Ïðè÷àñòèÿ, êàê è Èíôèíèòèâà è Ãåðóíäèÿ,
âûðàæàþò îòíîñèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ. Íåïåðôåêòíàÿ
ôîðìà Participle I ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî äåéñòâèå Participle I - îäíîâðåìåííî
ñ äåéñòâèåì ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà â ïðåäëîæåíèè (â íàñòîÿùåì, ïðîøåäøåì èëè
áóäóùåì).
I see
(saw, will see) some students hurrying
to the University early in the
morning. ß
âèæó (âèäåë, óâèæó) ñòóäåíòîâ, ñïåøàùèõ â óíèâåðñèòåò óòðîì.
He heard the rain beating
against the window. Îí ñëûøàë äîæäü, áàðàáàíèâøèé â
îêíî.
Mike spent the morning sorting
out the mail. Ìàéê
ïðîâ¸ë óòðî, ðàçáèðàÿ ïî÷òó.
Ìîæåò âûðàæàòü äåéñòâèå îáùåãî õàðàêòåðà â íàñòîÿùåì, ïðîøåäøåì èëè áóäóùåì.
Finally we found the
path leading to the cottage. Íàêîíåö ìû íàøëè òðîïó, âåäóùóþ ê
êîòòåäæó.
There is a veranda running round
the house. Âåðàíäà
îïîÿñûâàåò äîì.
Participle I íåïåðôåêòíîå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé «äåéñòâèòåëüíûì
ïðè÷àñòèåì íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè» èëè «äååïðè÷àñòèåì íåñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà» («âåäóùàÿ»,
«îïîÿñûâàþùàÿ»).
Participle I íåïåðôåêòíîå ïðåäåëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ, òàêèõ êàê
to arrive,
to enter,
to close,
to open,
to pass,
to cross, è ò.ä.,
èñïîëüçóåìûõ â ôóíêöèè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà âðåìåíè, îáû÷íî ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî
äåéñòâèå Participle I ïðåäøåñòâóåò äåéñòâèþ ñêàçóåìîãî. Íî êîãäà äåéñòâèÿ
áûñòî ñëåäóþò äðóã çà äðóãîì ïåðôåêòíîå Participle I íå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ.
Arriving at the office and passing into
the room,
he saw visitors waiting for
him. Ïðèáûâ
â îôèñ è ïðîéäÿ â êîìíàòó, îí óâèäåë ïîñåòèòåëåé, îæèäàþùèõ åãî.
 òàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ Participle I ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé «äååïðè÷àñòèåì
ñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà» («ïpuáûâ», «âîéäÿ»).
Participle I íåïåðôåêòíîå, ïîñëå ñîþçîâ when è while, âñåãäà âûðàæàåò îäíîâðåìåííîñòü.
While walking downtown, she examined the
shop windows. Ïðîãóëèâàÿñü
ïî öåíòðó, îíà îñìàòðèâàë âèòðèíû.
Ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî äåéñòâèå ïðè÷àñòèÿ ïðåäøåñòâóåò äåéñòâèþ
îïðåäåë¸ííîé ôîðìû ãëàãîëà â ïðåäëîæåíèè.
Having run into difficulties, I count on
your help
and understanding. Ñòîëêíóâøèñü ñ òðóäíîñòÿìè, ÿ ðàñ÷èòûâàþ íà âàøó
ïîìîùü è ïîíèìàíèå.
Having received an urgent message, he booked
a ticket for Madrid. Ïîëó÷èâ
ñðî÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå, îí çàáðîíèðîâàë áèëåò íà Ìàäðèä.
Participle I ïåðôåêòíîå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé «äååïðè÷àñòèåì
ñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà» («ïîïàâ», «ïîëó÷èâ»).
Ïðè÷àñòèå ïåðåõîäíûõ ãëàãîëîâ èìååò çàëîãè: äåéñòâèòåëüíûé è ñòðàäàòåëüíûé.
Participle I |
Äåéñòâèòåëüíûé |
Ñòðàäàòåëüíûé |
|
Ïåðåõîäíûé ãëàãîëû |
|||
Íåïåðôåêòíûé |
doing |
being done |
|
Ïåðôåêòíûé |
having
done |
having
been done |
|
Íåïåðåõîäíûå ãëàãîëû |
|||
Íåïåðôåêòíûé |
coming |
- |
|
Ïåðôåêòíûé |
having
come |
- |
|
Ïðè÷àñòèå I ìîæåò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ êàê:
- îïðåäåëåíèå
Èíîãäà òåðÿÿ ñâîé ãëàãîëüíûé õàðàêòåð è ñòàíîâÿñü ïðîñòûì
ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì âî ôðàçàõ òèïà:
the falling waters
the setting sun
the whispering leaves
Participle I â ýòîé ôóíêöèè ìîæåò ñòîÿòü ïåðåä èëè ïîñëå
îïðåäåëÿåìîãî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî.
We got a paper announcing his
will. Ìû
ïîëó÷èëè äîêóìåíò, îáúÿâëÿþùèé åãî âîëþ.
The singing, dancing, laughing people were
everywhere. Òàíöóþùèå,
ñìåþùèåñÿ ëþäè áûëè âåçäå.
The falling leaves lay thick under our feet. Îïàâøèå ëèñòüÿ ëåæàëè òîëñòûì ñëîåì ïîä
íàøèìè íîãàìè.
The leaves falling on the
ground reminded us of the
coming winter. Ëèñòüÿ,
ïàäàþùèå íà çåìëþ, íàïîìíèëè íàì î ïðèáëèæàþùåéñÿ çèìå.
Ïðèìå÷àíèå: Participle I â ôóíêöèè îïðåäåëåíèÿ íå ìîæåò âûðàæàòü ïðåäøåñòâîâàíèå, äëÿ
ýòîãî òðåáóåòñÿ ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå.
Ñðàâíèòå:
Students, studying (èçó÷àþùèå) a foreign
language, have to work hard.
(äåéñòâèÿ îäíîâðåìåííûå) Ñòóäåíòû,
èçó÷àþùèå èíîñòðàííûé ÿçûê, äîëæíû ðàáîòàòü óñåðäíî.
Students, who studied at
our faculty, are working
in different educational establishments
now.
(äåéñòâèÿ íåîäíîâðåìåííûå) Ñòóäåíòû, êîòîðûå
îáó÷àëèñü íà íàøåì ôàêóëüòåòå, ðàáîòàþò â ðàçëè÷íûõ îáðàçîâàòåëüíûõ
ó÷ðåæäåíèÿõ.
Students, who had studied at
our faculty, came to
meet their teachers. (âûðàæàåò ïðåäøåñòâóþùåå äåéñòâèå, a
ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ
òîæå) Ñòóäåíòû, êîòîðûå îáó÷àëèñü íà íàøåì
ôàêóëüòåòå, ïðèøëè, ÷òîáû ïîâèäàòüñÿ ñî ñâîèìè ïðåïîäàâàòåëÿìè.
- îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî
âðåìåíè,
ïðè÷èû, îáðàçà äåéñòâèÿ èëè ñîïóòñòâóþùèõ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ, íåðåàëüíîãî ñðàâíåíèÿ
èëè óñòóïêè.
Coming home, I had a surprise. (âðåìåíè) Ïðèäÿ
äîìîé, ÿ ïîëó÷èë ñþðïðèç.
Not knowing the language, I misunderstood
the
taxi-driver. (ïðè÷èíû) Íå
çíàÿ ÿçûêà, ÿ íå ïîíÿë òàêñèñòà.
Being conservative, even old-fashioned, Henry
did not trust computers. (ïðè÷èíû) Áóäó÷è
êîíñåðâàòèâíûì, äàæå ñòàðîìîäíûì, Ãåíðè íå äîâåðÿë êîìïüþòåðàì.
I stood looking around, breathing the air. (îáðàçà äåéñòâèÿ) ß ñòîÿë,
îçèðàÿñü, âäûõàÿ âîçäóõ.
He spoke as if trying to
make me believe
him. (íåðåàëüíîãî
ñðàâíåíèÿ) Îí
ãîâîðèë, ñëîâíî ïûòàÿñü çàñòàâèòü ìåíÿ ïîâåðèòü.
Ben came nearer, though still refusing to take part in
the game. (óñòóïêè) Áåí
ïîäîø¸ë áëèæå, âñå åù¸ îòêàçûâàÿñü ïðè ýòîì ïðèíÿòü ó÷àñòèå â èãðå.
I spent the day babysitting. (îáðàçà äåéñòâèÿ) ß
ïðîâ¸ë äåíü, ïðèñìàòðèâàÿ çà ìàëûøàìè.
Participle I íåïåðôåêòíûõ ãëàãîëîâ, âûðàæàþùèõ äâèæåíèå
to run,
to dance,
to pour, è ò.ä..
îáúåäåí¸ííûõ ñ ãëàãîëîì to come â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè îáðàçóþò îñîáûé âèä ñîñòàâíîãî ãëàãîëüíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî. Ëåêñè÷åñêîå çíà÷åíèå ãëàãîëà to come ñèëüíî
îñëàáëåíî è âûïîëíÿåò ðîëü âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà. Participle I – èìåííàÿ ÷àñòü ñêàçóåìîãî, îáîçíà÷àþùåãî
äåéñòâèå ïîäëåæàùåãî.
Everything came rushing back
to me. Âîñïìèíàíèÿ õëûíóëè êî ìíå ïîòîêîì.
Little Lizzy came running down
the stairs. Ìàëåíüêàÿ
Ëèççè áåãîì ñïóñòèëàñü ïî ëåñòíèöå.
The rain came pouring down. Äîæäü
ëèë ïîòîêàìè.
The wind came whirling from the mountains. Âåòåð âèõðåì ïðèëåòåë ñ ãîð.
- ÷àñòü ñëîæíîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ
ñ ãëàãîëàìè, âûðàæàþùèìè ôèçè÷åñêîå èëè óìñòâåííîå
âîñïðèÿòèå.
I felt shame drenching me like hot water. ß
÷óâñòâîâàë êàê ñòûä îõâàòûâàë ìåíÿ êàê êèïÿòîê.
He found her looking through
old photographs. Îí
çàñòàë å¸ ðàññìàòðèâàþùåé ñòàðûå ôîòîãðàôèè.
The cat watched the mouse eating cheese. Êîò íàáëþäàë çà òåì êàê ìûøü åëà ñûð.
Ñ ãëàãîëàìè ôèçè÷åñêîãî âîñïðèÿòèÿ ñòðàäàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà
òàêæå âîçìîæíà.
He was seen playing golf in the
afternoon. Åãî âèäåëè
èãðàþùèì â ãîëüô ïîñëå îáåäà.
The waves could be heard
beating against the cliffs. Áûëî ñëûøíî êàê âîëíû ðàçáèâàëèñü îá óò¸ñû.
Participle II (ïðè÷àñòèå ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè) èñïîëüçóåòñÿ, ÷òîáû
îáðàçîâûâàòü ìíîãî÷ëåííûå ôîðìû:
- âñåõ ïåðôåêòíûõ âðåìåí:
We have never lost touch with them. Ìû íèêîãäà íå òåðÿëè ñ íèìè ñâÿçü.
It took him a second to
realize what had happened. Åìó ïîòðåáîâàëàñü ñåêóíäà, ÷òîáû îñîçíàòü, ÷òî
ïðîèçîøëî.
- âñåõ âðåìåí ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà:
I am told it's wrong, (was told, è
ò.ä..) Ìíå ñîîáùàþò, ÷òî ýòî íåïðàâèëüíî. (ñîîáùèëè, è ò. ä.)
êîòîðàÿ èìååò ñòðàäàòåëüíûé çíà÷åíèå.  êà÷åñòâå
áåçëè÷íîé ôîðìû ãëàãîëà,
- îïðåäåëåíèÿ
ïåðåä èëè ïîñëå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî, êîòîðîå îíî
îïðåäåëÿåò
a faded rose — a rose pinned on the dress
a fallen tree — a tree fallen by the storm
a grown-up man — a man grown-up in poverty
Forgotten memories rushed back to her with
force and clarity. Îáðûâêè
âîñïîìèíàíèé ïðîíåñëèñü ïåðåä íåé ìîùíî è ÿðêî.
- ÷àñòè ñëîæíîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ
ïîñëå ãëàãîëà
to have (to get)
Ýòà êîíñòðóêöèÿ çíà÷èò ÷òî:
÷òî-òî äåëàåòñÿ äëÿ ïîëüçû ëèöà, îáîçíà÷åííîãî ïîäëåæàùèì
ïðåäëîæåíèÿ.
I've
had my bathroom tiled. Ìíå ïîëîæèëè ïëèòêó â
âàííîé.
She must have her eyes tested. Åé íóæíî ïðîâåðèòü çðåíèå.
Get
this prescription made at the chemist's. Çàêàæè ðåöåïòóðíûé
ïðåïàðàò â àïòåêå.
I had a
computer connected to the Internet. Ìîé êîìïüþòåð ïîäêëþ÷èëè
ê èíòåðíåòó.
As soon as I get the photos developed, I'll send
them
to you. Êàê
òîëüêî ìîè ôîòîãðàôèè íàïå÷àòàþò, ÿ îòïðàâëþ èõ òåáå.
Now tell me, honestly, do you
think I ought to have
my
face lifted? À òåïåðü ñêàæè ìíå
íà÷èñòîòó, ìíå íóæíà ïîäòÿæêà êîæè ëèöà?
×òî-òî äåëàåòñÿ ïðîòèâ âàøåé âîëè, äîñòàòî÷íî íåîæèäàííî.
He had
his car stolen. Åãî ìàøèìó óãíàëè.
My neighbour had her window-pane hroken
yesterday. Ó
ìîåãî ñîñåäà ðàçáèëè îêîííîå ñòåêëî â÷åðà.
We had our dog killed in the accident. Íàøó
ñîáàêó óáèëî â àâàðèè.
- ðàçëè÷íûõ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ.
Defeated, he did not look or feel
discouraged. (ïðè÷èíû, óñòóïêè) Ïîáåæä¸ííûé,
îí íå èñïûòûâàë ðàçî÷àðîâàíèÿ.
The child sat huddled in
the armchair.
(îáðàçà äåéñòâèÿ) Ðåá¸íîê
ñèäåë â êðåñëå, ñú¸æèâøèñü.
Changed into an evening frock, she
looked gorgeous.
(ïðè÷èíû, âðåìåíè) Ïåðåîäåòàÿ
â âå÷åðíåå ïëàòüå, îíà âûãëÿäåëà âåëèêîëåïíî.
Finished with his breakfast, he started
looking through
the newspapers. (âðåìåíè) Ïîêîí÷èâ
ñ çàâòðàêîì, îí ïðèíÿëñÿ ïðîñìàòðèâàòü ãàçåòû.
She screamed as if badly hurt.
(íåðåàëüíîãî ñðàâíåíèÿ) Îíà âñêðèêíóëà, ñëîâíî òÿæåëî ðàíåííàÿ.
Driven by the necessity, he took a
loan from the
bank. (ïðè÷èíû) Ïîâèíóÿñü
íåîáõîäèìîñòè, îí âçÿë êðåäèò â áàíêå.
- èìåííîé ÷àñòè ñîñòàâíîãî
ãëàãîëüíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî.
My heart is broken. Ìî¸ ñåðäöå ðàçáèòî.
You look rested. Òû âûãëÿäèøü îòäîõíóâøèì.
 ýòîé ôóíêöèè Participle II îïèñûâàåò èëè èíôîðìèðóåò î ïîäëåæàùåì ïðåäëîæåíèÿ êàê
Ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå.
Ïðè÷àñòèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè èñïîëüçóþòñÿ êàê ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå âî
ìíîæåñòâå ïîâñåäíåâíûõ âûðàæåíèé êàê:
1. be acquainted (with) áûòü
çíàêîìûì ñ êåì-òî
2. be bored (with, by) èñïûòûâàòü ñêóêó îò
3. be broken áûòü ñëîìàííûì
4. be closed áûòü çàêðûòûì
5. be composed of ñîñòîÿòü èç
6. be crowded (with) áûòü
çàïîëíåíûì
7. be devoted (to) áûòü
âåðíûì êîìó-òî
8. be disappointed (in, with) áûòü ðàçî÷àðîâûííûì
9. be divorced (from) áûòü
ðàçâåä¸ííûì ñ
10. be done (with) áûòü
çàêîí÷åííûì/êîí÷åíûì
11. be drunk (on) áûòü
ïüÿíûì îò
12. be engaged (to) áûòü
ïîìîëâëåííûì ñ
13. be excited (about) áûòü
ðàäîñòíî âîçáóæä¸ííûì ïî ïîâîäó
14. be exhausted (from) áûòü
èñòîù¸ííûì ÷åì-òî
15. be finished (with) ñïðàâèâøèéñÿ
ñ ÷åì-òî
16. be frightened (of, by) áûòü íàïóãàííûì ÷åì-òî
17. be gone (from) ïîêèíóâøèé
18. be hurt ðàíåííûé
19. be interested (in) çàèíòåðåñîâàííûé
20. be involved (in) âîâëå÷¸ííûé â
21. be located in ðàñïîëîæåííûé
â
22. be lost ïîòåðåííûé
â
23. be made of (from) èçãîòîâëåííûé èç
24. be married (to) áûòü
çàìóæåì, æåíàòûì íà
25. be mistaken îøèáàòüñÿ
26. be pleased (with) áûòü äîâîëüíûì
27. be prepared (for) áûòü ãîòîâûì
28. be qualified (for) áûòü ïîäãîòîâëåííûì ê
29. be related (to) ñîñòîÿòü â ðîäñòâå ñ
30. be satisfied (with) áûòü óäîâëåòâîð¸ííûì
31. be scared (of, by) áûòü íàïóãàííûì
32. be shut áûòü
çàïåðòûì
33. be spoiled áûòü
èçáûëîâàííûì
34. be terrified (of, by) áûòü íàïóãàííûì
35. be tired (of, from) áûòü óñòàâøèì îò
36. be worried (about) áûòü
îáåñïîêîåííûì