ÍÅËÈ×ÍÛÅ ÔÎÐÌÛ ÃËÀÃÎËÀ

Èíôèíèòèâ. 2

Îáðàçîâàíèå Èíôèíèòèâà. 3

Çàëîã. 4

Èíôèíèòèâ â íåîïðåäåë¸ííîé è ïåðôåêòíîé ôîðìå. 5

Ôîðìû Èíôèíèòèâà: ïðîäîëæåííàÿ è ïåðôåêòíàÿ ïðîäîëæåííàÿ. 7

«to»-Èíôèíèòèâ. 8

Èíôèíèòèâ áåç «to». 9

Ôóíêöèè Èíôèíèòèâà â ïðåäëîæåíèè. 10

Ãåðóíäèé. 15

Çàëîã. 17

Ôóíêöèè Ãåðóíäèÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèè. 18

Ïðè÷àñòèå I 22

Participle I íåïåðôåêòíîå. 22

Ïåðôåêòíàÿ ôîðìà Participle I 23

Çàëîã. 23

Ôóíêöèè Ïðè÷àñòèÿ I â ïðåäëîæåíèè. 23

Ïðè÷àñòèå II 26

Participle II èìååò òîëüêî îäíó ôîðìó. 26

Ôóíêöèè Participle II â ïðåäëîæåíèè. 26

 


 

Èíôèíèòèâ

òàêæå íàçûâàåìûé íåîïðåäåë¸ííîé ôîðìîé ãëàãîëà, ÿâëÿåòñÿ íåëè÷íîé ôîðìîé ãëàãîëà, êîòîðàÿ íàçûâàåò äåéñòâèå, áåç óêàçàíèÿ ãðàììàòè÷åñêèõ êàòåãîðèé ëèöà èëè ÷èñëà.

to read                                               ÷èòàòü, ïðî÷åñòü

to write                                              ïèñàòü, íàïèñàòü;

to buy                                                ïîêóïàòü, êóïèòü;

to sell                                                 ïðîäàâàòü, ïðîäàòü.

 

Ôîðìàëüíûì îòëè÷èòåëüíûì ïðèçíàêîì Èíôèíèòèâà ÿâëÿåòñÿ ÷àñòèöà to, êîòîðàÿ íå èìååò ñîáñòâåííîãî çíà÷åíèÿ è íèêîãäà íå áûâàåò óäàðíîé â ðå÷è. ×àñòèöà to, îäíàêî, ÷àñòî îïóñêàåòñÿ ïåðåä Èíôèíèòèâîì.

Èíôèíèòèâ ïðîèçîøåë îò îòãëàãîëüíîãî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî è ñîõðàíèë ñâîéñòâà ýòîé ÷àñòè ðå÷è, âûïîëíÿÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèè, êàê è èíôèíèòèâ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå, ñèíòàêñè÷åñêèå ôóíêöèè ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî.  ýòîì îòíîøåíèè ôóíêöèè èíôèíèòèâà âî ìíîãîì ñõîäíû ñ ôóíêöèÿìè Ãåðóíäèÿ (ïîäðîáíåå î Ãåðóíäèè äàëåå).

 

Ãëàãîëüíûå ñâîéñòâà Èíôèíèòèâà ïðîÿâëÿþòñÿ â ñëåäóþùèõ ñèòóàöèÿõ:

            1. Èíôèíèòèâ ìîæåò èìåòü ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå:

I told him to post the letter.                                    ß âåëåë åìó îòïðàâèòü ïèñüìî.

 

            2 Èíôèíèòèâ ìîæåò îïðåäåëÿòüñÿ íàðå÷èåì:

I asked him to speak slowly.                                             ß ïîïðîñèë åãî ãîâîðèòü ìåäëåííî.

 

            3. Èíôèíèòèâ èìååò ãðàììàòè÷åñêèå êàòåãîðèè âðåìåíè è çàëîãà.

Àíãëèéñêèå ãëàãîëû èìåþò ÷åòûðå ôîðìû Èíôèíèòèâà: äâå ôîðìû â äåéñòâèòåëüíîì çàëîãå è äâå ôîðìû â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå:

 

Äåéñòâèòåëüíûé

Ñòðàäàòåëüíûé

Íåîïðåäåë¸ííûé

 

Ïðîäîëæåííûé

 

Ïåðôåêòíûé

 

Ïåðôåêòíûé Ïðîäîëæåííûé

to ask

 

to be asking

 

to have asked

 

to have been asking

to be asked

 

__________

 

to have been asked

 

__________

------

Ïðèìå÷àíèå:  Íåïåðåõîäíûå ãëàãîëû, êîòîðûå íå èìåþò ôîðì ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà, èìåþò ôîðìû èíôèíèòèâà òîëüêî â äåéñòâèòåëüíîì çàëîãå.

 

Òîëüêî äâå ôîðìû Èíôèíèòèâà: íåîïðåäåë¸ííûé Èíôèíèòèâ äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî çàëîãà è íåîïðåäåë¸ííûé Èíôèíèòèâ ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãî èìåþò ñâîè ñîîòâåòñòâèÿ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå:

to ask                                                ñïðàøèâàòü,

to be asked                           áûòü ñïðîøåííûì (ñïðàøèâàåìûì).


 

Äðóãèå äâå ôîðìû íå èìåþò ïðÿìûõ ýêâèâàëåíòîâ â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå è íå ìîãóò áûòü ïåðåâåäåíû âíå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ:

Ïðîäîëæåííûé Èíôèíèòèâ — to be asking —                     óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ñî çíà÷åíèåì                                                                                                                          ñïðàøèâàòü â êàêîé-íèáóäü                                                                                                                             îïðåäåëåííûé ìîìåíò.

Ïåðôåêòíûé Èíôèíèòèâ — to have asked                                 ñïðàøèâàòü, ñïðîñèòü äî êàêîãî-                                                                                                                      íèáóäü ìîìåíòà,

Ïåðôåêòíûé ïðîäîëæåííûé Èíôèíèòèâ — to have been asking      ñïðàøèâàòü â òå÷åíèå                                                                                                                                       îòðåçêà âðåìåíè,                                                                                                                                                ïðåäøåñòâóþùåãî êàêîìó-                                                                                                                                  íèáóäü ìîìåíòó

Ïåðôåêòíûé Èíôèíèòèâ ñòðàäàòåëüíûé — to have been asked áûòü ñïðîøåííûì (ñïðàøèâàåìûì) äî êàêîãî-íèáóäü ìîìåíòà.

 

Îáðàçîâàíèå Èíôèíèòèâà

1. Íåîïðåäåë¸ííûé Èíôèíèòèâ äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî çàëîãà — to ask — åäèíñòâåííàÿ ïðîñòàÿ ôîðìà Èíôèíèòèâà. Ýòî ôîðìà, êîòîðàÿ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â ñëîâàðÿõ (áåç ÷àñòèöû to) äëÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ âñåõ ãëàãîëîâ. Âñå ïðî÷èå ôîðìû Èíôèíèòèâà - ñîñòàâíûå ôîðìû.

 

2. Ïðîäîëæåííûé Èíôèíèòèâ äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî çàëîãà îáðàçóåòñÿ ïóò¸ì ñîåäèíåíèÿ âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be è Ïðè÷àñòèÿ íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè (Participle I) ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà:

to be asking                                                 ñïðàøèâàÿ

 

3. Ïåðôåêòíûé Èíôèíèòèâ äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî çàëîãà îáðàçóåòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to have è ïðè÷àñòèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè (Participle II) ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà:

to have asked                                                         ñïðîñèâ

 

4. Ïåðôåêòíûé ïðîäîëæåííûé Èíôèíèòèâ äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî çàëîãà îáðàçóåòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ ïåðôåêòíîãî èíôèíèòèâà âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be è ïðè÷àñòèÿ íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà:

to have been asking                                              ñïðàøèâàÿ

 

5. Íåîïðåäåë¸ííûé Èíôèíèòèâ ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà îáðàçóåòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to be è ïðè÷àñòèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà:

to be asked                                                  áûòü ñïðîøåâàåìûì

 

6. Ïåðôåêòíûé Èíôèíèòèâ ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà îáðàçóåòñÿ ñ ïîìîùüþ ïåðôåêòíîãî èíôèíèòèâà âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà to beto have been — è ïðè÷àñòèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà:

to have been asked                                               áûòü ñïðîøåííûì

 

7. Îòðèöàòåëüíàÿ ÷àñòèöà not ñòàâèòñÿ ïåðåä Èíôèíèòèâîì:

not to ask                                                                  íå ñïðàøèâàÿ

not to be asked                                                       íå áûòü ñïðîøåííûì

 

 

Çàëîã

Èíôèíèòèâ ìîæåò âûðàæàòü äåéñòâèå, íå îòíîñÿùååñÿ ê êàêîìó ëèáî êîíêðåòíîìó ëèöó èëè ïðåäìåòó:

Òî drive a car in a big city is very difficult.                     Óïðàâëÿòü àâòîìàøèíîé â                                                                                                                               áîëüøîì ãîðîäå î÷åíü òðóäíî.

 

 áîëüøèíñòâå ñëó÷àåâ, îäíàêî, äåéñòâèå âûðàæåííîå Èíôèíèòèâîì îòíîñèòñÿ ê ëèöó èëè ïðåäìåòó:

I intended to go there.                                                       ß íàìåðåâàëñÿ ïîéòè òóäà.

                                                                                              (Äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå                                                                                                                                    èíôèíèòèâîì to go, îòíîñèòñÿ ê                                                                                                                     ïîäëåæàùåìó I.)

Ask him to come early.                                                      Ïîïðîñèòå åãî ïðèäòè ðàíî.

                                                                                              (Äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå                                                                                                                                    èíôèíèòèâîì to come,                                                                                                                                       îòíîñèòñÿ ê äîïîëíåíèþ him.)

 

Êîãäà äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå Èíôèíèòèâîì, ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ ëèöîì èëè ïðåäìåòîì, ê êîòîðîìó îí îòíîñèòñÿ, èñïîëüçóåòñÿ äåéñòâèòåëüíûé çàëîã Èíôèíèòèâà:

Íå has a great desire to invite you to the party.           Îí î÷åíü õî÷åò ïðèãëàñèòü âàñ                                                                                                                       íà âå÷åð.

I want to infrom him of her arrival.                                  ß õî÷ó èíôîðìèðîâàòü åãî î åå                                                                                                                      ïðèåçäå.

 

Êîãäà äåéñòâèå, âûðàæåííîå Èíôèíèòèâîì, ïðîèçâîäèòñÿ â îòíîøåíèè ëèöà èëè ïðåäìåòà, ê êîòîðîìó îí îòíîñèòñÿ, èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ñòðàäàòåëüíûé Èíôèíèòèâ:

Íå has a great desire to be invited to the party.           Îí î÷åíü õî÷åò, ÷òîáû åãî                                                                                                                                 ïðèãëàñèëè íà âå÷åð (áûòü                                                                                                                              ïðèãëàøåííûì íà âå÷åð).

I want to be informed of her arrival.                                ß õî÷ó, ÷òîáû ìåíÿ                                                                                                                                             èíôîðìèðîâàëè î åå ïðèåçäå                                                                                                                        (áûòü èíôîðìèðîâàííûì î åå                                                                                                                        ïðèåçäå).

Ïðèìå÷àíèå:  Â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå ñòðàäàòåëüíûé Èíôèíèòèâ - "áûòü ïðèãëàøåííûì, áûòü èíôîðìèðîâàííûì", è ò.ä. îáû÷íî çàìåíÿåòñÿ ïðèäàòî÷íûì ïðåäëîæåíèåì ñ ñîþçîì ÷òîáû.

 


 

Èíôèíèòèâ â íåîïðåäåë¸ííîé è ïåðôåêòíîé ôîðìå

Íåîïðåäåë¸ííûé Èíôèíèòèâ, è äåéñòâèòåëüíûé è ñòðàäàòåëüíûé èñïîëüçóåòñÿ, êîãäà äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå îí âûðàæåò:

1. îäíîâðåìåííî ñ äåéñòâèåì, âûðàæåííûì ëè÷íîé ôîðìîé ãëàãîëà:

I am glad to see you.                                                          ß ðàä âàñ âèäåòü.

I saw him enter the house.                                               ß âèäåë, êàê îí âîøåë â äîì.

 

2. îòíîñèòñÿ ê áóäóùåìó.  òàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ Èíôèíèòèâ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ïîñëå ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ

may,

must,

should,

ought

 

è ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ

to expect                                         îæèäàòü,

to intend                                          íàìåðåâàòüñÿ,

to hope                                            íàäåÿòüñÿ,

to want                                             õîòåòü

è íåêîòîðûõ äðóãèõ:

Íå may come to-morrow.                                      Îí, ìîæåò  áûòü, ïðèäåò çàâòðà.

I hope to see him at the concert.                         ß íàäåþñü óâèäåòü åãî íà êîíöåðòå.

I intend to go there on Sunday.                           ß íàìåðåí ïîéòè òóäà â âîñêðåñåíüå.

 

3. Êîãäà íåò óêàçàíèÿ íà êàêîå-òî êîíêðåòíîå âðåìÿ:

Òî skate is pleasant.                                                          Êàòàòüñÿ íà êîíüêàõ ïðèÿòíî.

 

Ïðèìå÷àíèå:  ôîðìà íåîïðåäåë¸ííîãî Èíôèíèòèâà äåéñòâèòåëüíîãî çàëîãà èñïîëüçóåòñÿ, ÷òîáû ñòðîèòü ñëîæíûå âðåìåííûå ôîðìû:

1. Îòðèöàòåëüíóþ è âîïðîñèòåëüíóþ ôîðìû íàñòîÿùåãî è ïðîøåäøåãî íåîïðåäåë¸ííîãî âðåìåíè.

He does not take English lessons.                                 Îí íå áåð¸ò óðîêè àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà.

Does he take English lessons?                          Îí áåð¸ò óðîêè àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà?

 

2. Áóäóùåãî íåîïðåäåë¸ííîãî âðåìåíè è áóäóùåãî íåîïðåäåë¸ííîãî â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè

I shall do it.                                                              ß ñäåëàþ ýòî.

I said that I should do it.                                                    ß ñêàçàë, ÷òî ñäåëàþ ýòî.

 

 

Èíôèíèòèâ â ñâîåé ïåðôåêòíîé ôîðìå, è ñòðàäàòåëüíîé è äåéñòâèòåëüíîé, èñïîëüçóåòñÿ, ÷òîáû:

1. Îáîçíà÷èòü äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå ïðåäøåñòâóåò äåéñòâèþ ëè÷íîé ôîðìà ãëàãîëà:

Íå seems to have finished his work.                             Îí, êàæåòñÿ, çàêîí÷èë ñâîþ paáîòó.

This writer is said to have written à new novel.            Ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî ýòîò ïèñàòåëü íàïèñàë.


 

2. ïîñëå ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ

must è

may

÷òîáû âûðàæàòü ïðåäïîëîæåíèå î äåéñòâèè, êîòîðîå óæå èìåëî ìåñòî:

Íå must have forgotten about it.                                     Îí, äîëæíî áûòü, çàáûë îá                                                                                                                               ýòîì.

I don't know where he is. He may have gone

to Leningrad.                                                                      ß íå çíàþ, ãäå îí.                                                                  Îí, âîçìîæíî, óåõàë â Ëåíèíãðàä.

 

Ïîñëå ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ

should,

would,

could,

might,

ought è

was (were),

÷òîáû îáîçíà÷èòü äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå äîëæíî áûëî èìåòü ìåñòî, íî íå èìåëî ìåñòî:

Íå should (ought to) have gone there.                          Åìó ñëåäîâàëî ïîéòè òóäà (îí                                                                                                                         íå ïîøåë).

You could have helped him.                                                        Âû ìîãëè áû ïîìî÷ü åìó (íî íå                                                                                                                       ïîìîãëè).

He was to have come yesterday.                                    Îí äîëæåí áûë ïðèäòè â÷åðà                                                                                                                          (íî íå ïðèøåë).

 

4. ïîñëå ôîðìû ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè ãëàãîëîâ

to intend,

to hope,

to expect,

to mean

÷òîáû îáîçíà÷èòü äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå, âîïðåêè îæèäàíèÿì ãîâîðÿùåãî, íå ïðîèçîøëî:

I intended to have finished my work last night.                        ß íàìåðåâàëñÿ çàêîí÷èòü ñâîþ                                                                                                                      ðàáîòó â÷åðà âå÷åðîì (íî íå                                                                                                                           çàêîí÷èë).

I hoped to have met him there.                                                    ß íàäåÿëñÿ, ÷òî âñòðå÷ó åãî òàì                                                                                                                      (íî íå âñòðåòèë).


 

Ôîðìû Èíôèíèòèâà: ïðîäîëæåííàÿ è ïåðôåêòíàÿ ïðîäîëæåííàÿ

Ïðîäîëæåííàÿ ôîðìà Èíôèíèòèâà èñïîëüçóåòñÿ, ÷òîáû âûðàæàòü ïðîäîëæåííîå äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå îäíîâðåìåííî ñ äåéñòâèåì, âûðàæåííûì ëè÷íîé ôîðìîé ãëàãîëà:

That firm is reported to be conducting

negotiations for the purchase of sugar.                         Ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî ýòà ôèðìà âåäåò                                                                                                                         ïåðåãîâîðû î ïîêóïêå ñàõàðà.

The weather seems to be improving.                                          Ïîãîäà, êàæåòñÿ, óëó÷øàåòñÿ.

 

Ïåðôåêòíûé ïðîäîëæåííûé Èíôèíèòèâ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ, ÷òîáû âûðàæàòü ïðîäîëæåííîå äåéñòâèå, ïðîèñõîäÿùåå â îïðåäåë¸ííûé ïåðèîä âðåìåíè, êîòîðûé ïðåäøåñòâóåò äåéñòâèþ, âûðàæåííîìó ëè÷íîé ôîðìîé ãëàãîëà:

They are said to have been conducting

negotiations for a long time.                                                         Ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî îíè âåäóò                                                                                                                                       ïåðåãîâîðû â òå÷åíèå äîëãîãî                                                                                                                       âðåìåíè.

He is known to have been working on this

problem for many years.                                                   Èçâåñòíî, ÷òî îí ðàáîòàåò íàä                                                                                                                         ýòîé ïðîáëåìîé â òå÷åíèå                                                                                                                               ìíîãèõ ëåò.

 


 

«to»-Èíôèíèòèâ

Êàê óæå óïîìèíàëîñü, ïåðåä Èíôèíèòèâîì îáû÷íî ñòîèò ÷àñòèöà to:

to speak                                                                                          ðàçãîâàðèâàòü,

to buy                                                                                              ïîêóïàòü,

to read                                                                                             ÷èòàòü

Êîãäà äâà «to – Èíôèíèòèâà» óïîòðåáëåíû â îäíîì ïðåäëîæåíèè è ñîåäèíåíû cîþçîì and, ×àñòèöà to îáû÷íî îïóñêàåòñÿ ïåðåä âòîðûì Èíôèíèòèâîì.

I intend to call on him and discuss this question.                    ß íàìåðåí çàéòè ê íåìó è îá                                                                                                                           ñóäèòü ýòîò âîïðîñ.

I asked him to telephone to me on Monday or wire.    ß ïîïðîñèë åãî ïîçâîíèòü ìíå â                                                                                                                     ïîíåäåëüíèê ïî òåëåôîíó èëè                                                                                                                        òåëåãðàôèðîâàòü.

 

×àñòèöà to èíîãäà èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â êîíöå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ áåç ãëàãîëà, åñëè ýòîò ãëàãîë óæå óïîòðåáëÿëñÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèè. Òàêîå èñïîëüçîâàíèå ÷àñòèöû to èìååò ìåñòî ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ

to want                                 õîòåòü,

to wish                                  æåëàòü,

to mean                                èìåòü â âèäó,

to try                          ïûòàòüñÿ, ñòàðàòüñÿ,

to allow                                 ðàçðåøàòü,

to be going              ñîáèðàòüñÿ,

ought                                    ñëåäóåò,

to have                                  â çíà÷åíèè äîëæåíñòâîâàòü,

should (would) like           õîòåë áû

è ò.ä.:

Íå wants me to go there to-night, but I don't

want to (ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ: go).                                     Îí õî÷åò, ÷òîáû ÿ ïîøåë òóäà                                                                                                                          ñåãîäíÿ âå÷åðîì, íî ÿ íå õî÷ó.

I was asked to take part in the trip, but I am not

going to (ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ: take part).                         Ìåíÿ ïðîñèëè ïðèíÿòü ó÷àñòèå â                                                                                                                   ïîåçäêå, íî ÿ íå ñîáèðàþñü.

The boy wanted to go for a bathe, but was

not allowed to (ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ: go).                         Ìàëü÷èê õîòåë ïîéòè êóïàòüñÿ,                                                                                                                      íî åìó íå ïîçâîëèëè.

I didn't want to stay there, but I had to

(ïîäðàçóìåâàåòñÿ: stay).                                                 ß íå õîòåë îñòàâàòüñÿ òàì, íî                                                                                                                         ìíå ïðèøëîñü.


 

Èíôèíèòèâ áåç «to»

Èíôèíèòèâ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ áåç ÷àñòèöû to:

1. ïîñëå ìîäàëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ

must,

ñàï (could),

may (might) è

need:

You must do it at once.                                                     Âû äîëæíû ýòî ñäåëàòü                                                                                                                                     íåìåäëåííî.

Íå can speak German.                                                     Îí óìååò ãîâîðèòü ïî-íåìåöêè.

May I come in?                                                                   Ìîæíî ìíå âîéòè?

Need he come here?                                                        Íóæíî ëè åìó ïðèõîäèòü ñþäà?

 

2. ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ

to make                                çàñòàâëÿòü,

to let                          ðàçðåøàòü,

è èíîãäà ïîñëå ãëàãîëà

to help                                   ïîìîãàòü (â îñíîâíîì â àìåðèêàíñêîì âàðèàíòå):

Íå made me read this book                                             Îí çàñòàâèë ìåíÿ ïðî÷èòàòü ýòó êíèãó.

I let him go there.                                                    ß ðàçðåøèë åìó ïîéòè òóäà.

Help me (to) do it.                                                   Ïîìîãèòå ìíå ñäåëàòü ýòî.

 

3. Â êîíñòðóêöèè ñëîæíîå äîïîëíåíèå ïîñëå ãëàãîîâ

to see                                    âèäåòü,

to watch                               íàáëþäàòü,

to hear                                  ñëûøàòü,

to feel                                    ÷óâñòâîâàòü

è íåêîòîðûõ äðóãèõ:

I saw her leave the room.                                      ß âèäåë, êàê îíà âûøëà èç êîìíàòû.

I heard her sing.                                                                 ß ñëûøàë, êàê îíà ïîåò.

I felt him put his hand on my shoulder.             ß ïî÷óâñòâîâàë, êàê îí ïîëîæèë ðóêó                                                                                                                        íà ìîå ïëå÷î.

 

Ïðèìå÷àíèå:  Êîãäà ãëàãîëû, óïîìÿíóòûå â ïóíêòàõ 2 è 3 âûøå, èñïîëüçóþòñÿ â ñòðàäàòåëüíîì çàëîãå, Èíôèíèòèâ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ñ ÷àñòèöåé to:

Íå was made to do it.                                                        Åãî çàñòàâèëè ýòî ñäåëàòü.

Íå was seen to leave the house.                                   Âèäåëè, êàê îí âûøåë èç äîìà.

 

4. ïîñëå âûðàæåíèé

had better                                                    ëó÷øå áû,

would rather, would sooner                               ïðåäïî÷åë áû:

You had better go there at once.                         Âàì áû ëó÷øå ïîéòè òóäà                                                                                                                                 íåìåäëåííî.

I would rather not tell them about it.                                ß ïðåäïî÷åë áû íå ãîâîðèòü èì îá                                                                                                                ýòîì.

Íå said he would sooner stay at home.                        Îí ñêàçàë, ÷òî îí ïðåäïî÷åë áû                                                                                                                      îñòàòüñÿ äîìà.


 

Ôóíêöèè Èíôèíèòèâà â ïðåäëîæåíèè

- ïîäëåæàùåå:

Òî skate is pleasant.                                                          Êàòàòüñÿ íà êîíüêàõ ïðèÿòíî.

Òî walk in the garden was à pleasure.               Ãóëÿòü â ñàäó áûëî ïðèÿòíî.

 

Êîãäà Èíôèíèòèâ èìååò ïðè ñåáå îïðåäåëåíèÿ, îí îáû÷íî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ïîñëå ñêàçóåìîãî.  äàííîì ñëó÷àå ìåñòîèìåíèå it çàíèìàåò ìåñòî ïåðåä cêàçóåìûì:

It was a pleasure to walk in the garden.             Áûëî ïðèÿòíî ãóëÿòü â ñàäó.

It was difficult to refuse his re quest                               Áûëî òðóäíî îòêàçàòü â åãî ïðîñüáå.

 

 

- èìåííàÿ ÷àñòü ñîñòàâíîãî èìåííîãî ñêàçóåìîãî:

Our intention is to charter à steamer immediately.       Íàøå íàìåðåíèå -                                                                                                                                              çàôðàõòîâàòü ïàðîõîä                                                                                                                                       íåìåäëåííî.

 

Our plan is to go to the Crimea for the summer.           Íàø ïëàí — ïîåõàòü íà ëåòî â                                                                                                                                   Êðûì.

 

 

- ÷àñòü ñîñòàâíîãî ãëàãîëüíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî:

1. ñ ìîäàëüíûìè ãëàãîëàìè:

Íå can speak English.                                                     Îí óìååò ãîâîðèòü ïî -                                                                                                                                       àíãëèéñêè.

It may rain to-night.                                                            Âîçìîæíî, áóäåò äîæäü ñåãîäíÿ                                                                                                                      âå÷åðîì.

Íå must know her address.                                             Îí, äîëæíî áûòü, çíàåò åå                                                                                                                                àäðåñ.

 

2.  ñî÷åòàíèè ñî ìíîãèìè äðóãèìè ãëàãîëàìè, êîòîðûå íå âûðàæàþò ïîëíîãî çíà÷åíèÿ ôðàçû áåç Èíôèíèòèâà. Ýòè ãëàãîëû ñëåäóþùèå:

to begin                                íà÷àòü,

to continue              ïðîäîëæàòü,

to like                                    ëþáèòü,

to want                                  õîòåòü

intend                                    íàìåðåâàòüñÿ,

to try                         ñòàðàòüñÿ,

to hope                                 íàäåÿòüñÿ,

to promise               îáåùàòü,

to decide                              ðåøàòü

è ò.ä.:

The buyers want to know our terms of payment.                     Ïîêóïàòåëè õîòÿò çíàòü                                                                                                                                     íàøè óñëîâèÿ ïëàòåæà.

We decided to spend the summer in the Crimea.                    Ìû ðåøèëè ïðîâåñòè ëåòî                                                                                                                              â Êðûìó.

I hope to see him soon.                                                    ß íàäåþñü åãî ñêîðî                                                                                                                                           óâèäåòü.


 

3.  ñî÷åòàíèè ñ ïðèëàãàòåëüíûìè, ââîäèìûìè ãëàãîëàìè-ñâÿçêàìè:

I am happy to hear it.                                                                     ß ñ÷àñòëèâ ñëûøàòü ýòî.

Íå is ready to go there.                                                     Îí ãîòîâ ïîéòè òóäà.

 

Ïðèìå÷àíèå:  êîììåð÷åñêèõ äîêóìåíòàõ (êîíòðàêòàõ, êîíîñàìåíòàõ) Èíôèíèòèâ ÷àñòî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ íåçàâèñèìî îò ñêàçóåìîãî è âûðàæàåò îáÿçàòåëüñòâî:

Buyers to pay (=àãå to pay) for the

freight on receipt of the shipping documents.              Ïîêóïàòåëè äîëæíû çàïëàòèòü çà                                                                                                                   ôðàõò ïî ïîëó÷åíèè ãðóçîâûõ                                                                                                                         äîêóìåíòîâ.

The bill of lading to be considered

(= is to be considered) proof of the date

of shipment.                                                                                    Êîíîñàìåíò äîëæåí ñ÷èòàòüñÿ                                                                                                                         äîêàçàòåëüñòâîì äàòû îòãðóçêè.

 

- ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå:

I told him to go there.                                                                     ß âåëåë åìó ïîéòè òóäà.

Íå asked me to wait a little.                                                          Îí ïîïðîñèë ìåíÿ ïîäîæäàòü íåìíîãî.

 

Ïðèìå÷àíèå: Èíôèíèòèâ ñ÷èòàåòñÿ ïðÿìûì äîïîëíåíèåì â òåõ ñëó÷àÿõ, êîãäà âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå âûïîëíÿåòñÿ ëèöîì äðóãèì, ÷åì ïîäëåæàùåå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Åñëè, îäíàêî, Èíôèíèòèâ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ, ÷òîáû âûðàæàòü äåéñòâèå, âûïîëíÿåìîå ïîäëåæàùèì ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, îí ðàññìàòðèâàåòñÿ êàê ÷àñòü ñîñòàâíîãî ãëàãîëüíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî.

 

- îïðåäåëåíèå:

1.

I have no desire to go there.                                                         Ó ìåíÿ íåò æåëàíèÿ ïîéòè òóäà.

We have no intention to order these goods.                 .           Ìû íå íàìåðåíû çàêàçûâàòü ýòè                                                                                                                    òîâàðû.

There is every reason to suppose that the

cargo will arrive in time.                                                                 Åñòü âñå îñíîâàíèÿ ïðåäïîëàãàòü, ÷òî                                                                                                            ãðóç ïðèáóäåò âîâðåìÿ.

 

2. Èíôèíèòèâ, îïðåäåëÿþùèé ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîå, ÷àñòî ðàâåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ  îïðåäåëèòåëüíîìó ïðèäàòî÷íîìó. Ñêàçóåìîå òàêîãî ïðèäàòî÷íîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ âûðàæàåò äåéñòâèå, êîòîðîå äîëæíî ïðîèçîéòè â áóäóùåì. Òàêîé Èíôèíèòèâ âñåãäà ïðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ñ ïîìîùüþ îïðåäåëèòåëüíîãî ïðèäàòî÷íîãî, ÷ü¸ ñêàçóåìîå âûðàæàåò îáÿçàòåëüñòâî è èíîãäà ýòî ñêàçóåìîå ïðèíèìàåò áóäóùåå ôîðìó:

The question will be discussed at the

conference shortly to open in

Moscow (= which is shortly to open in

Moscow).                                                                                          Âîïðîñ áóäåò îáñóæäåí íà                                                                                                                               êîíôåðåíöèè, êîòîðàÿ äîëæíà âñêîðå                                                                                                            îòêðûòüñÿ (âñêîðå îòêðîåòñÿ) â                                                                                                                       Ìîñêâå.

The amount to be paid (= which is to be paid)

includes the cost of packing.                                                       Ñóììà, êîòîðàÿ äîëæíà áûòü                                                                                                                           óïëà÷åíà, âêëþ÷àåò ñòîèìîñòü                                                                                                                        óïàêîâêè.


 

3. Èíôèíèòèâ â ôóíêöèè îïðåäåëåíèÿ ÷àñòî èìååò ìåñòî ïîñëå ñëîâ

the first,

the second,

the third,

the last,

è ò.ä.

è îí ÷àñòî ðàâåí ïî çíà÷åíèþ îïðåäåëåííîìó ïðèäàòî÷íîìó ïðåäëîæåíèþ, ÷åé ãëàãîë ñòîèò â òîì æå âðåìåíè, ÷òî è ãëàãîë ãëàâíîãî ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Òàêîå ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå, îäíàêî, ðåäêî èñïîëüçóåòñÿ âìåñòî Èíôèíèòèâà.  òàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ Èíôèíèòèâ ïðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé ëè÷íûì ãëàãîëîì:

Íå is always the first to come to the Institute

(to come=who comes).                                                                  Îí âñåãäà ïðèõîäèò â èíñòèòóò                                                                                                                                   ïåðâûì.

Last year he was always the first to come

to the Institute (to come = who came).                            Â ïðîøëîì ãîäó îí âñåãäà ïðèõîäèë â                                                                                                          èíñòèòóò ïåðâûì.

I am sure he will be the first to come to the

meeting (to come = who will come).                                            ß óâåðåí, ÷òî îí ïðèäåò ïåðâûì íà                                                                                                              ñîáðàíèå.

 

4. Èíôèíèòèâ â ôóíêöèè Îïðåäåëåíèÿ òàêæå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ, ÷òîáû îáîçíà÷èòü íàçíà÷åíèå ïðåäìåòà, êîòîðûé âûðàæàåòñÿ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì èëè ìåñòîèìåíèåì:

Íå brought me a book to read.                                                     Îí ïðèíåñ ìíå ïî÷èòàòü êíèãó.

She gave him some water to drink.                                             Îíà äàëà åìó ïîïèòü âîäû.

Give me something to eat.                                                Äàéòå ìíå ÷åãî-íèáóäü ïîåñòü.

 

Ïðèìå÷àíèå:  Ïðè ïåðåâîäå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ ðóññêîãî íà àíãëèéñêèé, ó÷àùèåñÿ èíîãäà äåëàþò ñëåäóþùèå îøèáêè:

Íå brought me to read a book (âìåñòî: a book to read),

Give me to drink some water (âìåñòî: some water to drink).

Ñëåäóåò ïîä÷åðêíóòü, ÷òî a book è some water - ïðÿìûå äîïîëíåíèÿ ê ãëàãîëàì brought è give è ïîòîìó äîëæíû ðàñïîëàãàòüñÿ ïîñëå ýòèõ ãëàãîëîâ è çà êîñâåííûìè äîïîëíåíèÿìè, ïðè ýòîì to read è to drink â ðîëè îïðåäåëåíèé ê a book è some water äîëæíû áûòü, êàê ïîäîáàåò ëþáîìó îïðåäåëåíèþ âûðàæåííîìó Èíôèíèòèâîì, ðàñïîëàãàòüñÿ ïîñëå ýòèõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ.

 

Îòíîñèòåëüíûå ìåñòîèìåíèÿ which èëè whom ñòàâÿòñÿ ïåðåä Èíôèíèòèâîì, îïèñûâàþùèì ïðåäíàçíà÷åíèå ïðåäìåòà, ñ ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèì ìåñòîèìåíèåì. Òàêèå ñëîâîñî÷åòàíèÿ ïðåâîäÿòñÿ íà ðóññêèé Èíôèíèòèâàìè èëè ïðèäàòî÷íûìè ïðåäëîæåíèÿìè:

The children have a good garden in which

to play.                                                                                              Ó äåòåé åñòü õîðîøèé ñàä, â êîòîðîì                                                                                                                        îíè ìîãóò èãðàòü.

Give me a knife with which to cut the bread.                            Äàéòå ìíå íîæ, ÷òîáû íàðåçàòü õëåá                                                                                                           (êîòîðûì ÿ ìîã áû íàðåçàòü õëåá).


 

Òàêèå ñî÷åòàíèÿ èñïîëüçóþòñÿ íå î÷åíü øèðîêî. Îáû÷íî îòíîñèòåëüíîå ìåñòîèìåíèå îïóñêàåòñÿ, à ïðåäëîã ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå Èíôèíèòèâà èëè, åñëè åñòü ïðÿìîå äîïîëíåíèå, ïðåäëîã ñòàâèòñÿ ïîñëå íåãî:

The children have a good garden to play in.                            Ó äåòåé åñòü õîðîøèé ñàä, â êîòîðîì                                                                                                                       îíè ìîãóò èãðàòü.

Give me a knife to cut the bread with.                                        Äàéòå ìíå íîæ, ÷òîáû íàðåçàòü õëåá                                                                                                           (êîòîðûì ÿ ìîã áû íàðåçàòü õëåá).

 

- îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî:

- öåëè:

I remained there to see what would happen.                            ß îñòàëñÿ òàì, ÷òîáû ïîñìîòðåòü, ÷òî                                                                                                            ïðîèçîéäåò.

Òî understand the importance of this event

you should know all the facts.                                                     ×òîáû ïîíÿòü âàæíîñòü ýòîãî ñîáûòèÿ,                                                                                                            âû äîëæíû çíàòü âñå ôàêòû.

He worked hard not to lag behind the other

students.                                                                                          Îí óñåðäíî ðàáîòàë, ÷òîáû íå                                                                                                                         îòñòàâàòü îò äðóãèõ ñòóäåíòîâ.

 

Ñîþçû

in order,

so as that,

so as

ìîãóò óïîòðåáëÿòüñÿ ïåðåä Èíôèíèòèâàìè, âûðàæàÿ öåëü. Ýòè cîþçû ðåäêî èñïîëüçóþòñÿ îñîáåííî â ðàçãîâîðíîì àíãëèéñêîì. Â ïåðåâîäå ìû èñïîëüçóåì ðóññêèå ñîþçû ÷òîáû èëè äëÿ òîãî, ÷òîáû:

Íå worked hard so as (in order) not to lag

behind the other students.                                                           Îí óñåðäíî ðàáîòàë, ÷òîáû íå îò                                                                                                                    ñòàâàòü îò äðóãèõ ñòóäåíòîâ.

 

- ñëåäñòâèÿ:

ñî ñëîâàìè

too,

enough:

I don't know him well enough to ask him for help.                  ß çíàþ åãî íåäîñòàòî÷íî                                                                                                                                  õîðîøî, ÷òîáû ïðîñèòü åãî î                                                                                                                           ïîìîùè.

It is too cold to bathe to-day.                                                         Ñåãîäíÿ ñëèøêîì õîëîäíî,                                                                                                                              ÷òîáû êóïàòüñÿ.

 

 ïåðåâîäå íà ðóññêèé òàêèå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñ ñîþçîì ÷òîáû âñåãäà ñòàâÿòñÿ ïåðåä Èíôèíèòèâîì.  àíãëèéñêèõ ïðåäëîæåíèÿõ ñ Èíôèíèòèâàìè ñëåäñòâèÿ ñîþçû in order è so as íå èñïîëüçóþòñÿ. Îíè ìîãóò òîëüêî èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ ïåðåä Èíôèíèòèâàìè, âûðàæàÿ öåëü.


 

Ïðèìå÷àíèå:  Èíôèíèòèâû, êîòîðûå âûñòóïàþò â êà÷åñòâå ðàçíûõ ÷ëåíîâ ïðåäëîæåíèÿ, èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ñ ìåñòîèìåíèÿìè è íàðå÷èÿìè

whom,

whose,

which,

what,

when,

how,

where èëè ñîþçîì

whether. Ñîîòâåòñòâóþùèå ñëîâà òàêæå èñïîëüçóþòñÿ ïåðåä Èíôèíèòèâàìè â ðóññêîì ÿçûêå:

How to do it is the question.                                                         Âîïðîñ â òîì, êàê ýòî ñäåëàòü.

The difficulty was now (when, where) to cross

the river.                                                                                           Òðóäíîñòü çàêëþ÷àëàñü â òîì, êàê                                                                                                                   (êîãäà, ãäå) ïåðåïðàâèòüñÿ ÷åðåç ðåêó.

I don't know what to answer him.                                                ß íå çíàþ, ÷òî îòâåòèòü åìó.

He did not know whether to go there or not.                             Îí íå çíàë, èäòè ëè åìó òóäà èëè íåò.

I can tell you how to do it.                                                 ß ìîãó âàì ñêàçàòü, êàê ýòî ñäåëàòü.

I have a good idea (of) how to get this book.                 Ó ìåíÿ åñòü õîðîøàÿ èäåÿ, êàê äîñòàòü                                                                                                         ýòó êíèãó.

 

- ââîäíûé ÷ëåí ïðåäëîæåíèÿ

Èíôèíèòèâ êàê ââîäíûé ÷ëåí ïðåäëîæåíèÿ èñïîëüçóåòñÿ ñ to. Êàê ïðàâèëî, ýòî óñòîÿâøèåñÿ ôðàçû, òàêèå êàê

so to speak,                                                òàê ñêàçàòü

needless to say,                            íå ãîâîðÿ óæå

to be quite frank,                           îòêðîâåííî ãîâîðÿ

to make matters worse,               â äîáàâîê êî âñåìó (ïëîõîìó)

to put it mildly (crudely),             ìÿãêî (ãðóáî) ãîâîðÿ

to say the least,                              ïî ìåíüøåé ìåðå

to tell the truth                                           ïî ïðàâäå ãîâîðÿ

è íåêîòîðûå äðóãèå.

 

Èíôèíèòèâíûå ôðàçû êàê ââîäíûå ÷ëåíû ïðåäëîæåíèÿ ñëóæàò, ÷òîáû ïîêàçàòü îòíîøåíèå ãîâîðÿùåãî ê ñèòóàöèè, îïèñàííîé â ïðåäëîæåíèè èëè ÷òîáû ïðèâëå÷ü âíèìàíèå ê êàêîìó-òî ôàêòó èëè ñóììèðîâàòü ìûñëü èëè, íå ìåíåå âàæíî, îíè ìîãóò ñëóæèòü íåêîé îãîâîðêîé ñî ñòîðîíû ãîâîðÿùåãî.

To tell the truth, I'm sick and tired of this nonsense.         Ïî ïðàâäå ãîâîðÿ, ÿ ñûò ïî ãîðëî ýòîé ÷åïóõîé.

To put it mildly, she is just a bit inquisitive.                         Ìÿãêî ãîâîðÿ, îíà òîëüêî ñëåãêà ëþáîïûòíà.

To make matters worse, it began to rain                             äîâåðøåíèè âñåãî, ïîø¸ë äîæäü è ñêîðî ìû ïðîìîêëè äî íèòêè.

When they found out I was not one of them,

so to speak, they politely turned from me and

ignored me.                                                                                Êîãäà îíè îáíàðóæèëè, ÷òî ÿ áûë íå òàêîé êàê îíè, òàê ñêàçàòü, îíè âåæëèâî îòâåðíóëèñü îò ìåíÿ è èãíîðèðîâàëè ìåíÿ.

Ìåñòî ââîäíûõ èíôèíèòèâíûõ êîíñòðóêöèé â ïðåäëîæåíèè íå ïîñòîÿííî, õîòÿ çà÷àñòóþ ýòè êîíñòðóêöèè ñòàâÿòñÿ â íà÷àëå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Íà ïèñüìå îíè îòäåëÿþòñÿ çàïÿòûìè.


Ãåðóíäèé

Ãåðóíäèé ïðîèñõîäèò îò ñòàðîàíãëèéñêîãî ãëàãîëüíîãî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî è ïðè÷àñòèÿ íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè; îòñþäà åãî äâîéíàÿ ïðèðîäà è åãî õàðàêòèðèñòèêè êàê ãëàãîëüíûå, òàê è ïðèñóùèå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûì.

 

Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî ó Ãåðóíäèÿ

ïðîÿâëÿþòñÿ â åãî ñïîñîáíîñòè ôóíêöèîíèðîâàòü êàê ïîäëåæàùåå, äîïîëíåíèå (ïðÿìîå èëè ïðåäëîæíîå), ñêàçóåìîå ïðåäëîæåíèÿ. Èìåííîé õàðàêòåð Ãåðóíäèÿ ñòàíîâèòñÿ î÷åâèäíûì, êîãäà îí èñïîëüçóåòñÿ êàê îïðåäåëåíèå èëè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî; â òàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ åìó âñåãäà ïðåäøåñòâóåò ïðåäëîã, êîòîðûé ÿâëÿåòñÿ ôîðìàëüíûì ïðèçíàêîì ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî.

 

Ãëàãîëüíûå Õàðàêòåðèñòèêè Ãåðóíäèÿ

Ãåðóíäèé èìååò âðåìåííûå ôîðìû — íåîïðåäåë¸ííóþ è ïåðôåêòíóþ.

doing — having done

publishing — having published

hearing — having heard

 

Âðåìåíà Ãåðóíäèÿ îáîçíà÷àþò îòíîñèòåëüíóþ îòíåñ¸ííîñòü êî âðåìåíè.

Íåîïðåäåë¸ííûé ãåðóíäèé ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî âûðàæåííîå èì äåéñòâèå îäíîâðåìåííî ñ äåéñòâèåì ëè÷íîé ôîðìû ãëàãîëà â ïðåäëîæåíèè.

Excuse me for giving you so much trouble.                        Ïðîñòèòå ìåíÿ çà òî, ÷òî ÿ ïðè÷èíÿþ âàì ñòîëüêî áåñïîêîéñòâà.

He was proud of winning so often.                                       Îí ãîðäèëñÿ òåì, ÷òî ïîáåæäàåò òàê ÷àñòî.

 

Îí òàêæå ìîæåò ãîâîðèòü î äåéñòâèè â áóäóùåì ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ

to intend,

to insist,

to object,

to suggest,

 

à òàêæå ïîñëå Ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ

hope,

intention,

plan,

prospect,

suggestion,

è ò.ä..

 

Ïåðôåêòíûé Ãåðóíäèé ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî åãî äåéñòâèå ïðåäøåñòâóåò äåéñòâèþ ëè÷íîé ôîðìû ãëàãîëà.

Excuse me for having given you so much trouble.            Ïðîñòèòå ìåíÿ çà òî, ÷òî ÿ ïðè÷èíèë âàì ñòîëüêî áåñïîêîéñòâà.

He was proud of having won the game.                                   Îí ãîðäèëñÿ òåì, ÷òî ïîáåäèë â ìàò÷å.


 

 ñîâðåìåííîì àíãëèéñêîì ïåðôåêòíûé Ãåðóíäèé îáû÷íî íå óïîòðåáëÿåòñÿ ïîñëå:

ñîþçîâ

on (upon),

before,

after

After graduating from University my brother

started working.                                                                         Ïîñëå îêîí÷àíèÿ óíèâåðñèòåòà ìîé áðàò ïîø¸ë ðàáîòàòü.

He produced his papers on being stopped

by a policeman.                                                                         Îí ïðåäúÿâèë ñâîè äîêóìåíòû, êîãäà åãî îñòàíîâèë ïîëèöåéñêèé.

 

ãëàãîëîâ

to forget,

to remember,

to thank,

to deny,

to excuse,

to regret

She forgot telling him about it.                                               Îíà çàáûëà, ÷òî ðàññêàçûâàëà åìó îá ýòîì.

Excuse me for entering without knocking.                          Èçâèíèòå ìåíÿ, ÷òî ÿ çàø¸ë íå ïîñòó÷àâ.

I don't remember ever seeing him.                                         ß íå ïîìíþ, ÷òîáû ÿ åãî êîãäà-íèáóäü âñòðå÷àë.

They regret letting you go there alone.                                 Îíè ñîæàëåþò, ÷òî ïîçâîëîëè âàì õîäèòü òóäà îäíîìó.

 


 

Çàëîã

Ãåðóíäèé ïåðåõîäíûõ ãëàãîëîâ ìîæåò âûðàæàòü çàëîã.

Ôîðìû Ãåðóíäèÿ

 

 

Äåéñòâèòåëüíûé

 

Ñòðàäàòåëüíûé

 

Íåîïðåäåë¸ííûé

doing

being done

Ïåðôåêòíûé

 

having done

 

having been done

 

Ïîñêîëüêó ñòðàäàòåëüíûé çàëîã âîçíèê ïîçäíåå, ìû âñå åù¸ íàõîäèì â ñîâðåìåííîì àíãëèéñêîì ïðèìåðû, êîãäà äåéñòâèòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà Ãåðóíäèÿ ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñòðàäàòåëüíîé ïî çíà÷åíèþ. Òàêèå êîíñòðóêöèè – ïåðåæèòîê âðåìåíè, êîãäà îäíà è òà æå ôîðìà èñïîëüçîâàëàñü è ñ äåéñòâèòåëüíûì è ñî ñòðàäàòåëüíûì çíà÷åíèÿìè. Ãåðóíäèé âñåãäà èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â äåéñòâèòåëüíîì çàëîãå (ñî ñòðàäàòåëüíûì çíà÷åíèåì) ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ

to want,

to require,

to need,

to deserve,

è òàêæå ïîñëå ïðèëàãàòåëüíîãî

worth.

 

The grass needs cutting.                                                Òðàâà íóæäàåòñÿ â ïîêîñå.

The camera wanted adjusting.                                              Ôîòîàïïàðàòó òðåáîâàëàñü ðåãóëèðîâêà.

The child deserves praising.                                                       Ðåá¸íîê çàñëóæèâàåò ïîõâàëû.

The film is worth seeing.                                                  Ôèëüì ñòîèò ïîñìîòðåòü.


 

Ôóíêöèè Ãåðóíäèÿ â ïðåäëîæåíèè

- ïîäëåæàùåå:

Dieting is very popular now.                                                        Äèåòà ñåé÷àñ î÷åíü ïîïóëÿðíà.

No progressing is regressing.                                               Êòî íå äâèãàåòñÿ âïåð¸ä, òîò îòñòóïàåò íàçàä.

Travelling broadens your mind (if you have the mind).    Ïóòåøåñòèå ðàñøèðÿåò ãîðèçîíòû âàøåãî óìà (åñëè ó âàñ åñòü óì).

Living there would slowly drive me crazy.                            Òàìîøíÿÿ æèçíü ñâåëà áû ìåíÿ ìåäëåííî ñ óìà.

Using a computer all the time can cause eyestrain.           Èñïîëüçîâàíèå êîìïüþòåðà âñ¸ âðåìÿ  ìîæåò  âûçâàòü ïåðåíàïðÿæåíèå ãëàç.

Finally meeting you, getting to know you, being with

you all these months has been the best thing that's

ever happened to me.                                                               Íàêîíåö âñòðå÷à ñ òîáîé, çíàêîìñòâî ñ òîáîé, íàõîæäåíèå â òâî¸ì îáùåñòâå âñå ýòè ìåñÿöû ýòî ñàìîå ëó÷øåå, èç âñåãî, ÷òî ñî ìíîé êîãäà-ëèáî ñëó÷àëîñü.

 

Ïîäëåæàùåå, âûðàæåííîå Ãåðóíäèåì ìîæåò ñëåäîâàòü çà ñêàçóåìûì â êîíñòðóêöèè

there is no, òàêæå ïîñëå

it's no ...

There is no concealing the truth.                                               Ïðàâäó íå ñêðîåøü.

It's no use worrying about them.                                               Áåñïîëåçíî âîëíîâàòüñÿ çà íèõ.

As usual, there's no arguing with you, boss.                      Êàê îáû÷íî, ñ íà÷àëüíèêîì íå ïîñïîðèøü.

There is no accounting for the tastes of the rich.                   Âêóñû áîãàòûõ íå ïîíÿòü.

 

- ñêàçóåìîå (÷àñòü ñîñòàâíîãî èìåííîãî ñêàçóåìîãî).

The biggest problem in life is choosing.                              Äåëàòü âûáîð – ñàìîå ñëîæíîå â æèçíè.

His main occupation is playing on the computer.              Åãî îñíîâíîå çàíÿòèå – èãðà â êîìïüþòåðíûå èãðû.

Creating is inventing, experimenting,                  

growing, taking risks, breaking rules,

making mistakes, and having fun.                                       Ñîçèäàíèå – ýòî èçîáðåòàòåëüñòâî, ýêñïåðèìåíòàòîðñòâî, âçðîñëåíèå, ðèñê, èãðà íå ïî ïðàâèëàì, ñîâåðøåíèå îøèáîê è ïîëó÷åíèå óäîâîëüñòâèÿ.


 

- ÷àñòü ñîñòàâíîãî âèäîâîãî èëè ìîäàëüíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî

Ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ îáîçíà÷àþùèõ íà÷àëî, ïðîäîëæèòåëüíîñòü èëè êîíåö äåéñòâèÿ. Òàêèõ êàê

to begin

to start

to burst out

to go on

to keep (on)

to stop

to finish

to give up

Stop spreading the news!                                                           Ïåðåñòàíü ðàñïîñòðîíÿòü íîâîñòè!

Go on working!                                                                              Ïðîäîëæàé ðàáîòàòü!

The child burst out crying.                                                          Ðåá¸íîê ðàçðûäàëñÿ.

Oh, please, stop asking me for definitions. I feel

like a walking dictionary.                                                          Îõ, ïîæàëóéñòà, ïåðåñòàíüòå ñïðàøèâàòü ìåíÿ çíà÷åíèÿ ñëîâ. ß ÷óâñòâóþ ñåáÿ õîäÿ÷èì ñëîâàð¸ì.

 

Òàêæå ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ, êîòîðûå èìåþò ìîäàëüíîå çíà÷åíèå, òàêèå êàê

to intend

to try

to attempt

can't help

I can't help admiring you!                                                            ß íå ìîãó íå âîñõèùàòüñÿ âàìè.

 

- äîïîëíåíèå:

Ïðåäëîæíîå èëè áåçïðåäëîæíîå

Avoid making rash promises.                                                     Âîçäåðæèñü îò ïîñïåøíûõ îáåùàíèé.

I enjoy socializing with friends.                                              Ìíå íðàâèòñÿ ïðîâîäèòü âðåìÿ ñ äðóçüÿìè.

We're looking forward to meeting you.                                 Ìû ñ íåòåðïåíèåì æä¸ì âñòðå÷è ñ âàìè.

Thanks for having me on such short notice.                Ñïàñèáî, ÷òî ïðèíÿëè ìåíÿ ñðàçó.

I am tired of listening to your "ifs" and "nots".                     Ìíå íàäîåëî ñëóøàòü òâîè «åñëè áû» äà «êàáû».

Are you fond of watching animals in the wild?                  Âàì íðàâèòñÿ íàáëþäàòü æèâîòíûõ íà ïðèðîäå?

His friends accused him of being disloyal.                          Åãî äðóçüÿ îáâèíÿëè åãî â âåðîëîìñòâå.

 

Òàêæå ïîñëå ãëàãîëîâ:

need,

require,

want,

deserve

His suit needed cleaning and his brown moccasins

needed throwing away.                                                          Åãî êîñòþìó òðåáîâàëàñü ÷èñòêà, à åãî êîðè÷íåâûå ìîêàñèíû ïðîñèëèñü íà ïîìîéêó.


 

- îïðåäåëåíèå:

Âñåãäà ñ ïðåäëîãîì, ÷àùå ñ of, ïîñëå íåêîòîðûõ ñóùåñòâèòåëüíûõ

Water has a wonderful way of calming.                               Ó âîäû åñòü çàìå÷àòåëüíîå ñâîéñòâî óñïîêàèâàòü.

Lately he had developed a nervous habit of

pushing back his hair quickly.                                               ïîñëåäíåå âðåìÿ ó íåãî ïîÿâèëàñü íåðâíàÿ ïðèâû÷êà áûñòðî ñìàõèâàòü âîëîñû íàçàä.

Who will take the trouble of telling me what's up?             Êòî âîçüì¸ò íà ñåáÿ òðóä ñêàçàòü ìíå â ÷¸ì äåëî.

What's the most effective method of foreign

language teaching?                                                                Êàêîé ìåòîä ïðåïîäàâàíèÿ èíîñòðàííîãî ÿçûêà íàèáîëåå ýôôåêòèâíûé?

Patience is the art of hoping.                                                      Òåðïåíèå – ýòî èñêóññòâî íàäåÿòüñÿ.

Art is a way of learning things.                                                   Èñêóññòâîñïîñîá ïîçíàíèÿ.

 

- îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî:

Ïîñëå ðàçëè÷íûõ ïðåäëîãîâ

- âðåìåíè

after,

before,

on,

upon,

at,

in,

since

After removing the checkbook from the drawer,

she wrote out a check.                                                             Äîñòàâ ÷åêîâóþ êíèæêó èç ÿùèêà ñòîëà, îíà âûïèñàëà ÷åê.

Before entering the house, wipe your feet.                              Ïåðåä âõîäîì â äîì, âûòðèòå íîãè.

 

- ïðè÷èíû

ïîñëå

because of,

owing to,

for fear of,

for

For fear of looking funny I kept silent.                                  Îïàñàÿñü âûãëÿäåòü ñìåøíûì, ÿ ñîõðàíÿë ìîë÷àíèå.


 

- ñïîñîáà èëè ñîïóòñòâóþùèõ óñëîâèé

ïîñëå

by,

without

Why do you speak to people without looking

at them?                                                                                      Ïî÷åìó òû ðàçãîâàðèâàåøü ñ ëþäüìè íå ãëÿäÿ íà íèõ.

She kept her body in trim by going to a gym class

daily.                                                                                            Îíà ñîõðàíÿëà õîðîøóþ ôîðìó ïîñåùàÿ ñïîðçàë åæåäíåâíî.

They left the theatre without waiting for the end

of the show.                                                                                Îíè ïîêèíóëè òåàòð íå äîæèäàÿñü îêîí÷àíèÿ ïðåäñòàâëåíèÿ.

It was not like my mother to come without calling

me first.                                                                                        Ïîÿâëåíèå ó ìåíÿ áåç ïðåäâàðèòåëüíîãî çâîíêà áûëî íå ïîõîæå íà ìîþ ìàòü.

 

- óñòóïêè

ïîñëå

in spite of

In spite of being busy, he accepted us.                                Íå ñìîòðÿ íà çàíÿòîñòü, îí ïðèíÿë íàñ.

 

- óñëîâèÿ

ïîñëå

in case

In case of being late, let us know.                                               ñëó÷àå îïîçäàíèÿ, ñîîáùèòå íàì.


Ïðè÷àñòèå I

 àíãëèéñêîì åñòü äâà Ïðè÷àñòèÿ: Participle I (ïðè÷àñòèå íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè) è Participle II (ïðè÷àñòèå ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè).

 

Participle I èìååò âðåìåííûå ôîðìû:

Íåîïðåäåë¸ííûé (íåïåðôåêòíóþ) — doing, learning, walking, è ò.ä.

Ïåðôåêòíóþ — having done, having learned, having walked, è ò.ä.

 

Âðåìåíûå ôîðìû Ïðè÷àñòèÿ, êàê è Èíôèíèòèâà è Ãåðóíäèÿ, âûðàæàþò îòíîñèòåëüíîå âðåìÿ. Íåïåðôåêòíàÿ ôîðìà Participle I ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî äåéñòâèå Participle I - îäíîâðåìåííî ñ äåéñòâèåì ñìûñëîâîãî ãëàãîëà â ïðåäëîæåíèè (â íàñòîÿùåì, ïðîøåäøåì èëè áóäóùåì).

I see (saw, will see) some students hurrying

to the University early in the morning.                                   ß âèæó (âèäåë, óâèæó) ñòóäåíòîâ, ñïåøàùèõ â óíèâåðñèòåò óòðîì.

He heard the rain beating against the window.                 Îí ñëûøàë äîæäü, áàðàáàíèâøèé â îêíî.

Mike spent the morning sorting out the mail.             Ìàéê ïðîâ¸ë óòðî, ðàçáèðàÿ ïî÷òó.

 

Participle I íåïåðôåêòíîå

Ìîæåò âûðàæàòü äåéñòâèå îáùåãî õàðàêòåðà â íàñòîÿùåì, ïðîøåäøåì èëè áóäóùåì.

Finally we found the path leading to the cottage.              Íàêîíåö ìû íàøëè òðîïó, âåäóùóþ ê êîòòåäæó.

There is a veranda running round the house.             Âåðàíäà îïîÿñûâàåò äîì.

 

Participle I íåïåðôåêòíîå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé «äåéñòâèòåëüíûì ïðè÷àñòèåì íàñòîÿùåãî âðåìåíè» èëè «äååïðè÷àñòèåì íåñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà» («âåäóùàÿ», «îïîÿñûâàþùàÿ»).

 

Participle I íåïåðôåêòíîå ïðåäåëüíûõ ãëàãîëîâ, òàêèõ êàê

to arrive,

to enter,

to close,

to open,

to pass,

to cross, è ò.ä.,

èñïîëüçóåìûõ â ôóíêöèè îáñòîÿòåëüñòâà âðåìåíè, îáû÷íî ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî äåéñòâèå Participle I ïðåäøåñòâóåò äåéñòâèþ ñêàçóåìîãî. Íî êîãäà äåéñòâèÿ áûñòî ñëåäóþò äðóã çà äðóãîì ïåðôåêòíîå Participle I íå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ.

Arriving at the office and passing into the room,

he saw visitors waiting for him.                                               Ïðèáûâ â îôèñ è ïðîéäÿ â êîìíàòó, îí óâèäåë ïîñåòèòåëåé, îæèäàþùèõ åãî.

 

 òàêèõ ñëó÷àÿõ Participle I ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé «äååïðè÷àñòèåì ñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà» («ïpuáûâ», «âîéäÿ»).

Participle I íåïåðôåêòíîå, ïîñëå ñîþçîâ when è while, âñåãäà âûðàæàåò îäíîâðåìåííîñòü.

While walking downtown, she examined the

shop windows.                                                                           Ïðîãóëèâàÿñü ïî öåíòðó, îíà îñìàòðèâàë âèòðèíû.


 

Ïåðôåêòíàÿ ôîðìà Participle I

Ïîêàçûâàåò, ÷òî äåéñòâèå ïðè÷àñòèÿ ïðåäøåñòâóåò äåéñòâèþ îïðåäåë¸ííîé ôîðìû ãëàãîëà â ïðåäëîæåíèè.

Having run into difficulties, I count on your help

and understanding.                                                                  Ñòîëêíóâøèñü ñ òðóäíîñòÿìè, ÿ ðàñ÷èòûâàþ íà âàøó ïîìîùü è ïîíèìàíèå.

Having received an urgent message, he booked

a ticket for Madrid.                                                                     Ïîëó÷èâ ñðî÷íîå ñîîáùåíèå, îí çàáðîíèðîâàë áèëåò íà Ìàäðèä.

 

Participle I ïåðôåêòíîå ïåðåâîäèòñÿ íà ðóññêèé «äååïðè÷àñòèåì ñîâåðøåííîãî âèäà» («ïîïàâ», «ïîëó÷èâ»).

 

 

Çàëîã

Ïðè÷àñòèå ïåðåõîäíûõ ãëàãîëîâ èìååò çàëîãè: äåéñòâèòåëüíûé è ñòðàäàòåëüíûé.

Participle I

Äåéñòâèòåëüíûé

Ñòðàäàòåëüíûé

Ïåðåõîäíûé ãëàãîëû

 

Íåïåðôåêòíûé

doing

being done

Ïåðôåêòíûé

having done

having been done

Íåïåðåõîäíûå ãëàãîëû

 

Íåïåðôåêòíûé

coming

-

Ïåðôåêòíûé

having come

-

 

 

Ôóíêöèè Ïðè÷àñòèÿ I â ïðåäëîæåíèè.

Ïðè÷àñòèå I ìîæåò èñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ êàê:

- îïðåäåëåíèå

Èíîãäà òåðÿÿ ñâîé ãëàãîëüíûé õàðàêòåð è ñòàíîâÿñü ïðîñòûì ïðèëàãàòåëüíûì âî ôðàçàõ òèïà:

the falling waters

the setting sun

the whispering leaves


 

Participle I â ýòîé ôóíêöèè ìîæåò ñòîÿòü ïåðåä èëè ïîñëå îïðåäåëÿåìîãî ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî.

We got a paper announcing his will.                                   Ìû ïîëó÷èëè äîêóìåíò, îáúÿâëÿþùèé åãî âîëþ.

The singing, dancing, laughing people were

everywhere.                                                                                Òàíöóþùèå, ñìåþùèåñÿ ëþäè áûëè âåçäå.

The falling leaves lay thick under our feet.                          Îïàâøèå ëèñòüÿ ëåæàëè òîëñòûì ñëîåì ïîä íàøèìè íîãàìè.

The leaves falling on the ground reminded us of the

coming winter.                                                                          Ëèñòüÿ, ïàäàþùèå íà çåìëþ, íàïîìíèëè íàì î ïðèáëèæàþùåéñÿ çèìå.

 

Ïðèìå÷àíèå: Participle I â ôóíêöèè îïðåäåëåíèÿ íå ìîæåò âûðàæàòü ïðåäøåñòâîâàíèå, äëÿ ýòîãî òðåáóåòñÿ ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå.

Ñðàâíèòå:

Students, studying (èçó÷àþùèå) a foreign

language, have to work hard.

(äåéñòâèÿ îäíîâðåìåííûå)                                                  Ñòóäåíòû, èçó÷àþùèå èíîñòðàííûé ÿçûê, äîëæíû ðàáîòàòü óñåðäíî.

Students, who studied at our faculty, are working

in different educational establishments now.

(äåéñòâèÿ íåîäíîâðåìåííûå)                                             Ñòóäåíòû, êîòîðûå îáó÷àëèñü íà íàøåì ôàêóëüòåòå, ðàáîòàþò â ðàçëè÷íûõ îáðàçîâàòåëüíûõ ó÷ðåæäåíèÿõ.

Students, who had studied at our faculty, came to

meet their teachers. (âûðàæàåò ïðåäøåñòâóþùåå äåéñòâèå, a

ïðèäàòî÷íîå ïðåäëîæåíèå èñïîëüçóåòñÿ â ýòèõ ñëó÷àÿõ òîæå) Ñòóäåíòû, êîòîðûå îáó÷àëèñü íà íàøåì ôàêóëüòåòå, ïðèøëè, ÷òîáû ïîâèäàòüñÿ ñî ñâîèìè ïðåïîäàâàòåëÿìè.

 

 

- îáñòîÿòåëüñòâî

âðåìåíè, ïðè÷èû, îáðàçà äåéñòâèÿ èëè ñîïóòñòâóþùèõ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ, íåðåàëüíîãî ñðàâíåíèÿ èëè óñòóïêè.

Coming home, I had a surprise. (âðåìåíè)                             Ïðèäÿ äîìîé, ÿ ïîëó÷èë ñþðïðèç.

Not knowing the language, I misunderstood the

taxi-driver. (ïðè÷èíû)                                                                   Íå çíàÿ ÿçûêà, ÿ íå ïîíÿë òàêñèñòà.

Being conservative, even old-fashioned, Henry

did not trust computers. (ïðè÷èíû)                                        Áóäó÷è êîíñåðâàòèâíûì, äàæå ñòàðîìîäíûì, Ãåíðè íå äîâåðÿë êîìïüþòåðàì.

I stood looking around, breathing the air. (îáðàçà äåéñòâèÿ)         ß ñòîÿë, îçèðàÿñü, âäûõàÿ âîçäóõ.

He spoke as if trying to make me believe

him. (íåðåàëüíîãî ñðàâíåíèÿ)                                             Îí ãîâîðèë, ñëîâíî ïûòàÿñü çàñòàâèòü ìåíÿ ïîâåðèòü.


 

Ben came nearer, though still refusing to take part in

the game. (óñòóïêè)                                                                  Áåí ïîäîø¸ë áëèæå, âñå åù¸ îòêàçûâàÿñü ïðè ýòîì ïðèíÿòü ó÷àñòèå â èãðå.

I spent the day babysitting. (îáðàçà äåéñòâèÿ)                 ß ïðîâ¸ë äåíü, ïðèñìàòðèâàÿ çà ìàëûøàìè.

 

Participle I íåïåðôåêòíûõ ãëàãîëîâ, âûðàæàþùèõ äâèæåíèå

to run,

to dance,

to pour, è ò.ä..

îáúåäåí¸ííûõ ñ ãëàãîëîì to come â ïðîøåäøåì âðåìåíè îáðàçóþò îñîáûé âèä ñîñòàâíîãî ãëàãîëüíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî. Ëåêñè÷åñêîå çíà÷åíèå ãëàãîëà to come ñèëüíî îñëàáëåíî è âûïîëíÿåò ðîëü âñïîìîãàòåëüíîãî ãëàãîëà. Participle I – èìåííàÿ ÷àñòü ñêàçóåìîãî, îáîçíà÷àþùåãî äåéñòâèå ïîäëåæàùåãî.

Everything came rushing back to me.                                  Âîñïìèíàíèÿ õëûíóëè êî ìíå ïîòîêîì.

Little Lizzy came running down the stairs.                          Ìàëåíüêàÿ Ëèççè áåãîì ñïóñòèëàñü ïî ëåñòíèöå.

The rain came pouring down.                                                    Äîæäü ëèë ïîòîêàìè.

The wind came whirling from the mountains.             Âåòåð âèõðåì ïðèëåòåë ñ ãîð.

 

 

- ÷àñòü ñëîæíîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ

ñ ãëàãîëàìè, âûðàæàþùèìè ôèçè÷åñêîå èëè óìñòâåííîå âîñïðèÿòèå.

I felt shame drenching me like hot water.                           ß ÷óâñòâîâàë êàê ñòûä îõâàòûâàë ìåíÿ êàê êèïÿòîê.

He found her looking through old photographs.               Îí çàñòàë å¸ ðàññìàòðèâàþùåé ñòàðûå ôîòîãðàôèè.

The cat watched the mouse eating cheese.                      Êîò íàáëþäàë çà òåì êàê ìûøü åëà ñûð.

Ñ ãëàãîëàìè ôèçè÷åñêîãî âîñïðèÿòèÿ ñòðàäàòåëüíàÿ ôîðìà òàêæå âîçìîæíà.

He was seen playing golf in the afternoon.                        Åãî âèäåëè èãðàþùèì â ãîëüô ïîñëå îáåäà.

The waves could be heard beating against the cliffs.     Áûëî ñëûøíî êàê âîëíû ðàçáèâàëèñü îá óò¸ñû.

 


Ïðè÷àñòèå II

Participle II (ïðè÷àñòèå ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè) èñïîëüçóåòñÿ, ÷òîáû îáðàçîâûâàòü ìíîãî÷ëåííûå ôîðìû:

- âñåõ ïåðôåêòíûõ âðåìåí:

We have never lost touch with them.                                       Ìû íèêîãäà íå òåðÿëè ñ íèìè ñâÿçü.

It took him a second to realize what had happened.         Åìó ïîòðåáîâàëàñü ñåêóíäà, ÷òîáû îñîçíàòü, ÷òî ïðîèçîøëî.

 

- âñåõ âðåìåí ñòðàäàòåëüíîãî çàëîãà:

I am told it's wrong, (was told, è ò.ä..)                                   Ìíå ñîîáùàþò, ÷òî ýòî íåïðàâèëüíî. (ñîîáùèëè, è ò. ä.)

 

 

Participle II èìååò òîëüêî îäíó ôîðìó

êîòîðàÿ èìååò ñòðàäàòåëüíûé çíà÷åíèå.  êà÷åñòâå áåçëè÷íîé ôîðìû ãëàãîëà,

Ôóíêöèè Participle II â ïðåäëîæåíèè

 

- îïðåäåëåíèÿ

ïåðåä èëè ïîñëå ñóùåñòâèòåëüíîãî, êîòîðîå îíî îïðåäåëÿåò

a faded rose — a rose pinned on the dress

a fallen tree — a tree fallen by the storm

a grown-up man — a man grown-up in poverty

Forgotten memories rushed back to her with

force and clarity.                                                                        Îáðûâêè âîñïîìèíàíèé ïðîíåñëèñü ïåðåä íåé ìîùíî è ÿðêî.

 

- ÷àñòè ñëîæíîãî äîïîëíåíèÿ

ïîñëå ãëàãîëà

to have (to get)

Ýòà êîíñòðóêöèÿ çíà÷èò ÷òî:

÷òî-òî äåëàåòñÿ äëÿ ïîëüçû ëèöà, îáîçíà÷åííîãî ïîäëåæàùèì ïðåäëîæåíèÿ.

I've had my bathroom tiled.                                                         Ìíå ïîëîæèëè ïëèòêó â âàííîé.

She must have her eyes tested.                                    Åé íóæíî ïðîâåðèòü çðåíèå.

Get this prescription made at the chemist's.                        Çàêàæè ðåöåïòóðíûé ïðåïàðàò â àïòåêå.

I had a computer connected to the Internet.                       Ìîé êîìïüþòåð ïîäêëþ÷èëè ê èíòåðíåòó.

As soon as I get the photos developed, I'll send them

to you.                                                                                          Êàê òîëüêî ìîè ôîòîãðàôèè íàïå÷àòàþò, ÿ îòïðàâëþ èõ òåáå.

Now tell me, honestly, do you think I ought to have

my face lifted?                                                                           À òåïåðü ñêàæè ìíå íà÷èñòîòó, ìíå íóæíà ïîäòÿæêà êîæè ëèöà?


 

×òî-òî äåëàåòñÿ ïðîòèâ âàøåé âîëè, äîñòàòî÷íî íåîæèäàííî.

He had his car stolen.                                                                  Åãî ìàøèìó óãíàëè.

My neighbour had her window-pane hroken

yesterday.                                                                                   Ó ìîåãî ñîñåäà ðàçáèëè îêîííîå ñòåêëî â÷åðà.

We had our dog killed in the accident.                          Íàøó ñîáàêó óáèëî â àâàðèè.

 

 

- ðàçëè÷íûõ îáñòîÿòåëüñòâ.

Defeated, he did not look or feel

discouraged. (ïðè÷èíû, óñòóïêè)                                          Ïîáåæä¸ííûé, îí íå èñïûòûâàë ðàçî÷àðîâàíèÿ.

The child sat huddled in the armchair.

(îáðàçà äåéñòâèÿ)                                                            Ðåá¸íîê ñèäåë â êðåñëå, ñú¸æèâøèñü.

Changed into an evening frock, she looked gorgeous.

(ïðè÷èíû, âðåìåíè)                                                                Ïåðåîäåòàÿ â âå÷åðíåå ïëàòüå, îíà âûãëÿäåëà âåëèêîëåïíî.

Finished with his breakfast, he started looking through

the newspapers. (âðåìåíè)                                                    Ïîêîí÷èâ ñ çàâòðàêîì, îí ïðèíÿëñÿ ïðîñìàòðèâàòü ãàçåòû.

She screamed as if badly hurt.                                              

(íåðåàëüíîãî ñðàâíåíèÿ)                                                      Îíà âñêðèêíóëà, ñëîâíî òÿæåëî ðàíåííàÿ.

Driven by the necessity, he took a loan from the

bank. (ïðè÷èíû)                                                                       Ïîâèíóÿñü íåîáõîäèìîñòè, îí âçÿë êðåäèò â áàíêå.

 

 

- èìåííîé ÷àñòè ñîñòàâíîãî ãëàãîëüíîãî ñêàçóåìîãî.

My heart is broken.                                                                       Ìî¸ ñåðäöå ðàçáèòî.

You look rested.                                                                            Òû âûãëÿäèøü îòäîõíóâøèì.

 ýòîé ôóíêöèè Participle II îïèñûâàåò èëè èíôîðìèðóåò î ïîäëåæàùåì ïðåäëîæåíèÿ êàê Ïðèëàãàòåëüíîå. Ïðè÷àñòèÿ ïðîøåäøåãî âðåìåíè èñïîëüçóþòñÿ êàê ïðèëàãàòåëüíûå âî ìíîæåñòâå ïîâñåäíåâíûõ âûðàæåíèé êàê:

 

1. be acquainted (with)                                         áûòü çíàêîìûì ñ êåì-òî

2. be bored (with, by)                                             èñïûòûâàòü ñêóêó îò

3. be broken                                                áûòü ñëîìàííûì

4. be closed                                                 áûòü çàêðûòûì

5. be composed of                                      ñîñòîÿòü èç

6. be crowded (with)                                              áûòü çàïîëíåíûì

7. be devoted (to)                                        áûòü âåðíûì êîìó-òî

8. be disappointed (in, with)                                 áûòü ðàçî÷àðîâûííûì

9. be divorced (from)                                              áûòü ðàçâåä¸ííûì ñ

10. be done (with)                                      áûòü çàêîí÷åííûì/êîí÷åíûì

11. be drunk (on)                                                    áûòü ïüÿíûì îò

12. be engaged (to)                                    áûòü ïîìîëâëåííûì ñ

13. be excited (about)                                            áûòü ðàäîñòíî âîçáóæä¸ííûì ïî ïîâîäó

14. be exhausted (from)                                        áûòü èñòîù¸ííûì ÷åì-òî

15. be finished (with)                                             ñïðàâèâøèéñÿ ñ ÷åì-òî


 

16. be frightened (of, by)                           áûòü íàïóãàííûì ÷åì-òî

17. be gone (from)                                      ïîêèíóâøèé

18. be hurt                                                    ðàíåííûé

19. be interested (in)                                              çàèíòåðåñîâàííûé

20. be involved (in)                                    âîâëå÷¸ííûé â

21. be located in                                                     ðàñïîëîæåííûé â

22. be lost                                                                ïîòåðåííûé â

23. be made of (from)                                            èçãîòîâëåííûé èç

24. be married (to)                                      áûòü çàìóæåì, æåíàòûì íà

25. be mistaken                                                      îøèáàòüñÿ

26. be pleased (with)                                             áûòü äîâîëüíûì

27. be prepared (for)                                              áûòü ãîòîâûì

28. be qualified (for)                                              áûòü ïîäãîòîâëåííûì ê

29. be related (to)                                        ñîñòîÿòü â ðîäñòâå ñ

30. be satisfied (with)                                            áûòü óäîâëåòâîð¸ííûì

31. be scared (of, by)                                             áûòü íàïóãàííûì

32. be shut                                                   áûòü çàïåðòûì

33. be spoiled                                                         áûòü èçáûëîâàííûì

34. be terrified (of, by)                                            áûòü íàïóãàííûì

35. be tired (of, from)                                              áûòü óñòàâøèì îò

36. be worried (about)                                           áûòü îáåñïîêîåííûì